HAROLD B. LEE LIBRARY fl Ibid. implement^, which are believed to have been made by that earliest race of men, known in Europe as the paleolithic or river-drift folk. Of this gravel and its contained relics of a vanished people. Dr. Abbott has written that, in his opinion, the Delaware River, " now occupying a comparatively small and shallow channel, once flowed at an eleva- tion of nearly fifty feet above its present level, and it was when such a mighty stream as this that man first gazed upon its waters, and lost those rude weapons in its swift current that now in the beds of gravel which its floods have deposited are alike the puzzle and delight of the archaeologist. Had these first comers, like the Troglodytes of France, had con- venient caves to shelter them, doubtless we would have their better wrought implements of bone to tell more surely the story of their ancient sojourn here, but wanting, them, their history is not altogether lost, and in the rude weapons now deep down beneath the grassy sod and flower-decked river-bank we learn the fact of the presence in the distant past of an earlier people than the Indians."* Dr. Abbott's arguments to prove the existence of man as early at least as the concluding stages of the last glacial epoch are almost conclusive. He re- marks that "just in proportion as these relics - stone implements generally - are rude in manufacture and primitive in type they are more deeply imbedded in the soil." ^ "When, also, we consider that the sev- eral conditions of glacial times were largely those of Greenland and arctic America, and that there is un- broken land communication between the desolate regions of the latter and our own more favored land, and, more important than all, that there now dwells in this ice-clad country a race which, not only in the distant past, but uutil recently (if they do not now), used stone implements of the rudest patterns, it is natural to infer that the traces of a people found here, under circumstances that demonstrate a like condi- tion of the country during their occupancy, are really traces of the same people." Professor Dawkins* says, "These facts can hardly be mere coincidence, caused by both peoples leading a savage life under similar circumstances. They aflbrd reasons for the belief that the Eskimos of North America are connected by blood with the paleolithic cave-dwellers of Europe." Dr. Rink, in his "Tales of the Eskimo," London, 1875, says, " The Eskimo appear to have been the last wave of an aboriginal American race which has spread over the continent from more genial regions, following principally the rivers and water-courses, and continually yielding to the pressure of the tribes behind them." The peculiar implements which are characteristic of these gravels are quite diflereut from the ordinary "relics" of the later Indians, and must not be con- * American Natumlist, June, 187G. * Nature, vol. xi. p. 215, Jan. 14, 1S75. London. * CHVC-Ilunting, by \V. B..jd Dawkius, p. 3J8. London, 1S74. HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. founded with them. They are all large, rudely chipped, and present either a well-defined sharp or cutting edge and a point or both. No trace of a polished or ground surface is ever found upon them. The art of polishing stone originated with the later Indians. These implements "maybe described as being usually of large size, longer than it is wide, thick in the middle and sharpened at the edges. One end is more or less pointed, and the other, which was doubtless intended to be held in the hand, is thick and rounded. Their most distinguishing character- istic is that both sides or faces are chipped into a shape more or less convex and symmetrical. An im- plement of this description, it will be seen at a glance^ is entirely unlike the ordinary Indian axe or toma- hawk, made of polished stone, and very generally provided with a groove around the middle, intended to hold a handle made of twisted wythes."^ It is such objects as these, found under the circum- stances mentioned, that warranted Dr. Abbott in re- marking of the bluff facing the Delaware at Trenton " that the accumulation of these gravels was gradual, and considerable time may have elapsed from the date of the first or lowest of the gravels before addi- tional material was brought from above. Beyond the limits of these gravels stretched in every direction a Tast area of habitable ground, as I have mentioned, with a fauna adapted to supply man with every need, and how natural that the primitive American should have gone to these then accumulating beds of shingle to select and chip into proper shape the pebbles that thus worked upon constituted his only known weapons, þ - the same the world over : Europe, Asia, Africa, and 'America ! " No cataclysm drove him from the spot, and all those years that the ever-increasing beds of sand, gravel, and bowlders were accumulating he dwelt here, familiar, it is now known, with the mastodon, and likewise with the bison, reindeer, musk-ox, and the fauna of the present time ; and when the last of these transporting floods had wholly passed away, this primitive man was America's sole occupant, and left upon the surface of the latest stratum of sand and pebbles that floods from a once glaciated valley brought from the mountains beyond the same rude implements of stone that his ancestors had lost in the underlying gravels beneath his feet."^ Leaving this question of our State having been in- habited by man of a glacial age, we come to the red Indian of the Northwest, and the universally accepted conclusion of his partial Asiatic origin. He presents to us just such a type of unprogressive life as the nomads of the Asiatic steppes. He exhibits no change from his precursors of the fifteenth century, and perhaps the forests of America may have shel- tered him, just as they have sheltered and pastured 1 Prof. H. W. nojnes, Boston Soc. Kat. nistory, Jan. 10, 1881. 2 Troc. Boeton Soc. Nat. Hietory, p. 124, 1881. its wild herds of buffalos, for countless centuries since the continent rose from its ocean bed.' Heckewelder, the Moravian missionary, records the following tradition in the history of Indian nations: The Lenapes (Delawares) resided man j hundred years ago in a far distant country in the western part of our continent. For some reason they determined to migrate eastward. After a very long journey they reached the Mississippi, where they fell in with the Mengwe (Iroquois), who were likewise in search of new homes. The Lenapes sent a messenger to the Alligewi (Allegheny), who were a powerful nation inhabiting the country east of the river, who refused them permission to settle in their neighborhood, but expressed a willingness for them to pass through their country. The Lenapes commenced crossing, but when the Alleghenys discovered they were a numerous people (not to be counted by thousands), moved by fear, they fell upon the advance of the divided host, slew many, and threatened the others with annihila- tion should they persist in the passage. The Iroquois, who had witnessed the attack, proposed to join the Lenapes in a war of conquest and extermination, and to share with them the conquered territory. The united force crossed, a great battle was fought, a long and bloody contest ensued, the Alleghenys aban- doned their country, and fled down the Mississippi never to return. The conquerors divided the country, the Iroquois taking the lands about the great lakes and their tributary streams, the Lenapes those to the south, whence these gradually moved eastward, even to the Atlantic coast. Until the white man came the Delaware, or Lenapewihittuck [i.e., the river of the Lenape), was in the very heart of their settlements. At the time of the first settlement of Europeans in America the Lenapes were the head of the Algonquin nations; by a succession of wars with the Dutch, the English, and the Iroquois, thej' were compelled some time about 1670 to yield to the latter and become a " nation of women," - i.e., a nation without power to make war or peace on their own account, or to sell lands. In this condition they remained until 1755, when they threw off the yoke of the Iroquois, and, in alliance with the Shawanoes, Mingoes, etc., were en- abled to place themselves at the head of the Western nations, and contest with the white man the soil east of the Mississippi. The Lenni-Lenape nation was composed of the Minnies, Monsetjs, or Muncys, the Wolf tribe, north of Stony Point, N. Y., with territorial jurisdiction ex- tending through the Minisink country of Pennsylva- nia and New Jersey ; the Uaulados, or Turkey tribe, south of Stony Point; and the Unamis, or Turtle tribe. þ "It is stated, in a publication bearing date 1648, 'Koran exhaustive treatise on this sulject, see tlie recently pub- lislied work by Dr. Abbott, entitled "Primitive Industry : Illustrntions of the Handiwork in Stone, Bone, and Clay of the Native lUtces of llie Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America," p. 600. Suleni, Mass. : Geo. A. Bates. ABORIGINAL HISTORY. that the natives in this section of the continent were under the dominion of about twenty kings ; that there were twelve hundred under the two Raritan kings on the north side next to Hudson's River, and those came down to the ocean about Little Egg Bay and Sandy Barnegate; and about the South Cape two small kings of forty men apiece; and a third, reduced to fourteen men, at Reymont. So that there were probably not more than two thousand within the province while it was under the dominion of the Dutch.'" It would be in vain to pretend to give a particu- lar account of all the different tribes or nations of Indians that inhabited these provinces before the Europeans came among them, there being probably a tribe in some parts for every ten or twenty miles, which were commonly distinguished by the name of creeks or other noted places where they resided. Thus there were the Assunpink (Stony Creek), the Rankokas, the Mingo, the Andastaka, the Neshamine, and the Shackamaxon Indians. Those about Bur- lington were called the Mautas (Frogs) ; but these and others were all of them distinguished from the Western Indians, who were a more warlike people, by the general name of Delawares. There is no doubt that tribes came from long distances to make au- tumnal visits to our sea-coast, probably to feast on oysters and clams. " The aboriginal inhabitants of New Jersey appear to have had an eye for the pic- turesque in landscape scenery, although facility in procuring food and safety from attack were the ob- jects mainly in view in settling at any point; still we find that wherever the scenery is commanding, as in the northern mountainous portion of the country, at such grand localities as the Delaware Water-Gap, we discover these remains in abundance; but as we go inland they are less numerous, as the hilh de- crease and the rivers dwindle into brooks. Yet so abundant were the Indian villages . . , that almost every brook that harbors a fish has now lying among the pebbles on its bed or in the turf upon its banks flinty arrow-points or delicate fish-spears."^ The Indians and whites lived peaceably together for many years, the Indians being very serviceable to the settlers from the game they caught, and the skins and furs they procured and sold to them. The first serious disturbance occurred in 1755, but as soon as a hostile feeling became apparent the Legislature ap- pointed commissioners to examine into the cause of dissatisfaction. A convention was held at Crosswicks for the purpose in January, 1756, and in March, 1757, a bill was passed calculated to remove the difficulties which had grown out of impositions upon the Indians when intoxicated, the destruction of deer by traps, and the occupation of lands by the whites which they had not sold (Neville's Laws, vol. ii. p. 125). During 1 Collections of the New Jersey Historical Society, vol i. pp. 2-1, 25. 2 Stone Age iu New Jersey. Charles C.Abbott. Washington: Got- ernmcnt Printing-office, 1877. this year and the early part of 175S the Delaware borders of the province were in much alarm from the hostile feeling prevalent among the Minisinks, and in thirteen months twenty-seven murders were com- mitted by the Indiaas in those regions. .. A constant guard was kept under arms, but it was not always able to check the predatory excursions of the sav- ages. In June, 1758, Governor Barnard, of New Jersey, consulted Gen. Forbes and Governor Denny, of Penn- sylvania, as to measures best calculated to put a stop to this warfare, and through Teedyescung, king of the Delawares, he obtained a conference with the Mini- sink and Pompton Indians, protection being assured them. The conference took place at Burlington, Aug. 7, 1758. The result was the holding another at Easton, October 8th of the same year. At this con- ference the Northern Indians, the "Munsies" or" Mini- sinks," and the "Opings" or " Pomptons," released all lands claimed by them within the limits of New, Jersey for the sum of one thousand Spanish pieces of eight. These Indians were permitted by the Mingoes or United Nations to settle on the branches of the Susquehanna. A conference was held with the Indians south of the Raritan River at Crosswicks, Feb. 20 (O. S.), 1758, at which Teedyescung, king of the Delawares, was I summoned from the headquarters of the tribe on the Susquehanna River, and he with twenty-seven other Indians met the commissioners accordingly. The com- missioners appointed by Governor Francis Barnard were Andrew Johnston, Richard Saltar, Charles Read, John Stevins, and William Forsters. The result was that the Delawares agreed to release all their claims to lands in the colony of New Jersey ; and they appointed five Indians - Tom Stare, Moses Totamy, Stephen Cal- vin, Isaac Stelle, and John Pampshire - as their at- torneys. The' tract of three thousand and forty-four acres which the Delawares agreed to accept in lieu of their claim was in a place called Edge Pillock, in what was then Evesham township, Burlington County. It was bought from Benjamin Springer for the sum of seven hundred and forty pounds sterling, and was held by the State in trust for the Indians. A house of worship, several dwellings, and a mill were subse- quently erected, forming the-town of Brotherton ; and as the selling or leasing of any portion of the tract or the encroachment of the whites upon it was pro- hibited, the greatest harmony appears to have pre- vailed between the Indians and their neighbors. The Delawares lived on their reservation till long after the Revolutionary war. They were known as the Brotherton Indians. The minutes of the Assem- bly in 1796 show them petitioning for the appoint- ment of a new commissioner to take charge of their lands and mill, and lease them for their benefit. In 1801 the Indians petitioned to have their lands sold, and the proceeds given to them to enable them to HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. remove to New Stockbridge, Oneida Co., N. Y., where they had kinsmen. James Ewing, John Beatty, Abraham Stockton, William Stockton, and Charles Ellis were appointed commissioners for the purpose by Governor Joseph Bloomfield. They visited the Indians and obtained the written assent of a majority of the adults, only sixty-three of whom were living. The property was sold the next year. In 1822 a petition was received by the Legislature of New Jersey from the remnant of the Delawares in New York, announcing that the grandchildren who had adopted them in 1802 had been cheated into con- veying a pre-emption right in their lands to the State of New York, had sold a greater part of it at two dollars an acre, and removed to Green Bay, Mich, They did not wish to follow them, and having an op- portunity to purchase for two thousand dollars a tract of land thirty miles long and ten miles broad, owned by a tribe of Indians, about five hundred miles west of New Stockbridge, they asked that certain bank stock which had been purchased for their benefit by the New Jersey commissioners be deposited in the Utica Bank until they desired to use it. The petition further pointed out that they had re- ceived no compensation for their rights to hunting and fishing in New Jersey, which were expressly re- served in the deed by which they sold their rights in New Jersey lands in 1758, and they prayed that com- pensation be made to them therefor. The bank stock was transferred, but the negotiation for the land fell through, and the Delawares once more quartered upon their grandchildren, then at Green Bay. From Green Bay, in 1832, they sent their chief, Bartholomew S. Calvin, with a power of attorney, to settle their hunting and fishing claims. One of the attesting witnesses was the Rev. Cutting Marsh, who certified before a justice of the peace that he "saw the chiefs and principal men of the said party of the Delaware nation of Indians execute the same, they being duly sober and in condition to trans- act business." The result of Calvin's mission was that, although no legal claim could be substantiated, the Legislature in March, 1832, in kindness and through compassion fur the wanderers, directed the treasurer to pay to him two thousand dollars for the extinguishment of this last remnant of Indian claims. Chief Calvin, in a communication presented to the Legislature the same month, said, "Not a drop of our blood have you spilled in battle, not an acre of our land have you taken but by our consent. . . . Naught save benisons can fall upon her from the lips of a Lenni Lenape." The purchasers of the Indian lands at Brotherton resisted the tax-gatherer at the very beginning, and asserted their right to exemption under the act of 1758. In 1803 the property-owners carried the tax question to the Supreme Court, which decided that the assessment was unlawful. Evesham township was unwilling to lose the tax on three thousand acres of land, especially when the owners had the benefit of taxation, school taxes,"road taxes, etc. The following year the Legislature enacted a law repeal- ing the provision by which this land was exempted from tax. The Supreme Court null the Court of Errors of New Jersey then both decided that the lands were subject to taxation. In 1812 the Supreme Court of the United States held that the act repealing the law exempting the land from tax was unconstitu- tional. It nevertheless appears that from 1814, two years after this decision, down to 1877 taxes were regularly levied and collected on these lands.^ In the latter year the land-owners brought the matter before the " Court of Errors and Appeals of New Jersey," which decided the lands were subject to taxation. CHAPTER IIL LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLExMENT OF THE COUNTY. Soon after the discovery of America the Spaniards and Portuguese explored the northern Atlantic coast as high as Labrador. Florida was occupied by the Spaniards in 1512, and its boundaries, as given by the charter of Philip II. to Menendez, extended from Newfoundland to the twenty-second degree of north latitude, which was the first grant by a European monarch of the soil of New Jersey. Verrazzani, an Italian and a worthy successor of Columbus and Americus Vespucius, in 1523, while in the service of Francis I., of France, coasted the American continent from the thirtieth to the fiftieth degree of north lati- tude, landing and communicating with the Indians in several places, and by virtue of discoveries made by him and some French navigators, Henry IV. gave to Des Monts the lands lying between the fortieth and forty-sixth degrees of north latitude, thus the soil of New Jersey nominally coming under the French flag. Passing by the voyages of Sebastian Cabot, under the patronage of Henry VII., of England, and of Martin Frobisher, and the unsuccessful attempts to establish settlements in America by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, we come to the times of James I., who, in 1606, granted letters patent to the London and Plymouth Colonies for that portion of the continent stretching from the thirty-fourth to the forty-sixth degrees of north latitude, divided into two nearly equal districts. Under this and another charter, given in 1620, the permanent settlement of Virginia and New England was commenced and prosecuted. Under the Plymouth title the territory of New Jersey was for the third time granted by a king. Under the hope of discovering a northwest passage 1 Brief of John P. Stockton, attorney-general State Kew Jersey. LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. to Asia, which until our own day no disappointment seemed to have power to extinguish, Henry Hudson, a distinguished English navigator, made several voy- ages to the shores of America. While in the service of the Dutch East India Company, in 1609, he en- tered the Delaware Bay in his ship " Half-Moon." Proceeding up it until he was satisfied it was not the Hudson re-entered the service of the LoDdon Company, and in 1610 sought again a northwest passage through Davis' StrHits. His crew mutinied, abandoned liim, his only eon, and some haK-dozen of his men who continued faithful. Tliey perished amid the fields of ice in the viciuity of the bay whicli bears his name. a number of settlers, who mostly located on the western shore. Other ships soon followed, and in 1642, John Printz, an officer of the Swedish army, arrived as Governor of the colony. He erected a fort, and built a church and several dwellings on Tinicum Island. New Castle, Del., was laid out by them, and named Stockholm, and a fort was built at Christiana, where Wilmington now stands. The Dutch, however, had not abandoned their claim to the South or Delaware River, but, after re- monstrating with the Swedes against their intrusion, for some years occupied the shores of the river in common with them. Judge John Clement, of Had- donfield, in "A Sketch of the Life and Character of John Fenwick," published by the Friends' Historical Association of Philadelphia, in 1875, on page forty -five, says, "About thirty-five years before this time" {i.e., 1640) "a colony of English came from New Haven, and having purchased the land of the Indians made a settlement on Varken's Kill (Salem Creek). They soon found the territory was claimed by the Eng- lish earl. Sir Edmund Ployden, under a grant of King Charles I., of England, although in reality under the dominion of the Dutch and Swedes. They swore fealty to Sir Edmund as the 'Palatine of Al- bion,' and were the only people within the territory who recognized his authority. The Dutch and Swedes were annoyed by the English being settled so near, and a military force was sent from New Amsterdam (New York) to drive them away. Their houses were burnt, their cattle and goods confiscated, and them- selves made prisoners. They were, however, per- mitted to return to the place again, build themselves other houses, and some continued there until the ar- rival of John Fenwick and his company." The Dutch, who had re-established themselves at Fort Nassau, below Camden, and built a fort at the Hoarkills, in 1651, built and settled around Fort Casimir, at the Swedish town of Stockholm, now New Castle, Delaware. The peaceful relations be- tween them and the Swedes did not long continue. Printz, who had in vain remonstrated, in 1654 de- manded the surrender of the latter fort, which was refused. Risingh, the Swedish commander, by strat- agem soon after succeeded in capturing it, and the Dutch were driven from the western shore of the river. The Dutch, however, had powerful aid near by in the settlements of their countrymen at New Amsterdam, now New York City. The Swedes had evidently misunderstood the temperament and power of that brave old soldier, Peter Stiiyvesant, the Dutch Governor. Keeping remarkably quiet until he had everything prepared, early in September of the next year, with seven ships and between six and seven hundred men, a formidable army in those days on this continent, he fell upon the Swedish posts and settlements, carrying everything before him with the rough hand of war. Forts, houses, and plantations were laid waste, cattle killed, and inhab- 8 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. itants plundered. The officers and principal men were carried prisoners to New Amsterdam, and thus terminated in 1655 the Swedish authority on the Delaware. But Peter's time soon came. Ten years afterwards, 16G5, Sir Robert Carr and Col. Nichols, with a fleet and troops appeared before New Amsterdam and took Stuyvesant as unexpectedly and unprepared as he caught the Swedes. Brave old Peter fretted and fumed, and then discreetly hauled down his flag. Sir Robert then sailed to the Delaware, and by a ju- dicious expenditure of a little gunpowder forced the submission of the Dutch, and this terminated forever their rule in that region. Many of the Dutch and Swedes, however, remained in the country, and both shores of the Delaware were studded with their plan- tations. Three Dutch families were settled at Leasy, or Lazy Point, near where Burlington City now is, and one Yegou in 1668 " settled a house of entertain- ment for travellers" at the same point. Prior to the conquests of the Dutch, Charles II., of England, made an extensive grant of territory in America, called Carolina (March 24, 1663), to his brother the Duke of York, and the expedition for said conquest was made to obtain possession. On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York conveyed to John Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret a certain tract of land in America, " hereafter to be called Nova Caesarea, or New Jersey," done no doubt by request of the king. Lord Berkeley was a soldier of distinction, and com- manded the army against the Scots in 1628. He was made Baron of Stratton in 1658, appointed lord lieu- tenant of Ireland in 1670, and ambassador to the court of Versailles in 1674. He was appointed by the king one of his Privy Council, but was detected in the basest corruptions and forced to resign. He was placed at the head of the Duke of York's establish- ment, but his intercourse with the duke was inter- rupted by similar transactions, and disgrace followed their exposure. Sir George had been a naval officer of high reputation, was appointed Governor of the island of Jersey, which he defended in the most gal- lant manner against the Parliamentarians, and surren- dered only at the command of King Charles II. He was created a baronet in 1645, and had offices of honor, trust, and profit bestowed upon him. He was expelled from the House of Commons as a participant in leg- islative bribery and other dishonest practices. He was appointed treasurer of Ireland, and continued in that position by the king while charged with the most disgraceful abuse of office. Both these men were no- torious for their peculations and breaches of faith wherever connected with the operations of the gov- ernment. But public opinion had no influence with His Majesty against them, no matter how palpable the proof. They had followed him into exile after the death of his father and during the Commonwealth. Thev had adhered to his fortunes and remained faith- ful during the dangers that surrounded him even when it was beyond his power to remunerate them for the services rendered. However commendable such sen- timents may be in private life, they should not be indulged in to the injury of the goverament. Lord Berkeley, becoming dissatisfied with the pecu- niary prospects of his colonization scheme, conveyed to John Fenwick, March 18, 1673, his undivided moiety of New Jersey, for the sum of one thousand pounds sterling and a royalty of forty beaver-skins annually. Edward Byllynge, it was soon discovered by his cred- itors, had furnished the purchase-money. This led to much bitter controversy, but all parties being Friends the contest was kept within control of the society, and settled according to their rules. William Penn was chosen arbitrator, and discharged the duty faithfully to all concerned. The decision was that Fenwick did not really own more than one-tenth, and that the balance should be used to pay Byllynge's debts. Fenwick located his tenth along the Dela- ware River between Oldman's and West Creeks. He had studied law at Gray's Inn, London ; was a major of cavalry under Cromwell, and was detailed as com- mander of cavalry to attend the execution of Charles I. Byllynge was a brewer of London and an officer in the army of the Commonwealth. William Penn, GawenLawrie (or Laurie), and Nich- olas Lucas became joint assignees of Byllynge's in- terest in New Jersey for the benefit of his creditors. One of their first movements was to make a partition of the province between them and Sir George Carteret, which was effected by a deed, qubitipartitc, dated July 1, 1676, directing a straight line to be drawn through the province, from north to south, from the most southerly point of the east side of Little Egg Harbor to the most northern point or boundary of the Delaware. To the divisions were given the names of East and West New Jersey respectively.' The as- signees, under the pressure of circumstances, sold a considerable number of shares of the undivided moiety to different purchasers, who thereby became proprie- tors in common with them. These proprietors agreed upon a form of government, comprising many of the provisions of the instrument formed by Berkeley and Carteret, together with others originating with them- selves. The Constitution or form of government thus made, and from which have sprung many of the ex- isting institutions of the State, was entitled "The Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Freeholders, and Inhabitants of the Province of West New Jersey in America." The original, beau- tifully engrossed on vellum in a well-bound quarto, is preserved in the office of the surveyor-general of West Jersey at Burlington. This instrument was witnessed and signed by the following proprietors, freeholders, and inhabitants of West New Jersey, March 3, 1676: > Learning and Spicer's Collection. LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. Gawen Lawrie. Wm. Penn. Win. Emley. Joshua Wright. Nicholas Lucas. William Haig. William Peachee. Richard Matthews. John Harris. Francis Collins. William Kent. Benjamin Scot. Thomas Lambert. Thomas Hooton. Henry Stacy. Edward Byllynge. Richard Smith. Edward Nelthrop. John Pen ford. Daniel Wills. Thomas Olive. Thomas Rudyard. William Biddle. Robert Stacy. John Farrington. William Raydon. Rich. Mew. Percival Towle. Mahlon Stacy. Tho. Budd. Samuel Jenings. John Lambert. Will. Heulings. George Deacon. John Thomson. Edw. Bradway. Rich. Guy. James Neville. William CantwelL Fospe Ontstout. Machgijel Baron. Casper Herman. Turrse Psese. Robert Kemble. John Corneliesse. Grerrat Van Jumne. Wm. Gill Johnson. Mich. Lackerouse. Markus Algus. Evert Aldricks. Hendrick Everson. Jilles Tomesen. Claas Jansen. Paul Docquet. Aert Jansen. John Surige. Thomas Smith. James Pearce. Edw. Webb. John Pledger. Rich. Wilkison. Christopher Sanders. Reuear Van Hurst. William Johnson. Charles Bagley. Samuel Wade. Tho. Woodrofe. John Smith, Thos. Pierce. Will. Warner. Joseph Ware. Isaac Smart. Andrew Thomson. Thomas Kent. Henry Jenings. Richard Wortsaw. Christopher White. John Maddocks. John Forrest. James Vickory. William Rumsey. Rich. Robinson. Mark Reeve. Thomas Watson. Samuel Nicholson. Dan. Smith. Richard Daniel. Will. Penton. Will. Daniel.' Robert Zane. Walter Peiterson. Anthony Page. Andrew Bartleson. Wooley Woollisou, Anthonj- Dixon. John Derme. Tho. Benson. John Pain. Rich. Buffington. Sam. Lovett. Henry Stubbens. Will.Willis. George Haselwood. Roger Pedrick. William Hughes. Abra. Van Highest. Hipolitas Lefever. Will. Wilkinson. Andrew Shenneck. Lause Cornelious. Sam. Hedge. Will. Massler. John Grubb. John Worlidge. Edw. Meyer. Tho. Barton. Robt. Powel. Tho. Harding. Matthew Allen. Bernard Devenish. Thomas Stokes. Thomas French. Isaac Marriott. John Butcher. George Hutcheson. Tho. Gardner. Thomas Eves. John Borton. John Paine. Eleazer Fenton. Samuel Oldale. Will. Black. Anthony Woodhouse. Dan. Leeds. John Pancoast. Francis Belwicke. Will. Luswall. John Snowdou.  "'' Rich. Tenemore.," Gruma Jacobson! Tho. Scholey. Tho. Wright. Godfrey Hancock. John Petty. Abraham Hewliugs. John Newbould. John White. John Roberts. John Wood. John Gosling, Tho. Revell. Many of these names were signed long after the date affixed. In 1675, Fenwick sailed from London in the ship "Griffin," Robert Griffiths, master, with bis family and a company of Friends, and after a pleasant passage landed near the old fort " Elseborg," and named it Salem. This was the first English ship that entered the Delaware with emigrants, and no others followed for nearly two years. Among the purchasers of West Jersey lands were two companies, one of Friends in Yorkshire, the other of Friends in London. In 1677 commissioners were sent by the proprietors, with power to buy lands of the Indians, to inspect the rights of such Europeans as claimed property, and to order the lands laid out, and in general to administer the government. Of the commissioners, those for Yorkshire were Joseph Helmsley, William Emley, Robert Stacy, and Thomas Foulke ; those for London were Daniel Wills, Thomas OUive, John Penford, and Benjamin Scott. They came in the " Kent," Gregory Marlow, master, being the second English emigrant ship to enter the Dela- ware. They arrived at New Castle 16th 6th month (August, O. S.), 1677. Two hundred and thirty of their passengers lauded near Raccoon Creek, where the Swedes had a few houses, and in these and in tents and caves the new-comers took temporary lodg- ings. The commissioners at once proceeded to Chy- goes (Burlington) Island, to settle the terms of pur- chase with the Indians. They were accompanied by Israel Holmes, Peter Rambo, and Lacy Cock, Swedish interpreters, and by their help they bought three tracts from the Assunpink to the Rancocas, from Ran- cocas to Timber Creek, and from Timber Creek to Oldman's Creek. The Yorkshire purchasers chose from the Assun- pink to the Rancocas, which was called the first tenth ; and the London chose the second tenth, from Ranco- cas to Timber Creek.' For mutual protection and 1 Smith's Hist. W. J., pp. 92 to 98. 10 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. assistance they apreed to build a town in company, and the present site of Burlington City was chosen. Towards the last of October, 1677, some of the heads of families that came in a ship to Wickaco (near the Old Swedes' Church, Philadeli)hia) arrived at and settled in the neighborhood of Burlington. Their names were Thomas Olive. Morgan Drewet. Daniel Wills. William Penn AV'illiam Peachy. Henry Jenings. William Clayton. William Hibes. John Crips. Samuel Lovett. Thomas Eves. John Woolston. Thomas Harding. William Woodmancy. Thomas Nositer. Chris. Saunders. Thomas Fairnsworth. Robert Powell.* These passengers having arrived late in the fall but few were able to build themselves log houses before the winter was much spent. During the interim they lived in wigwams built after the manner of the In- dians. Indian corn and venison, traded for with the Indians, was their chief food. Of the passengers who arrived in the " Willing Mind" we have not the names of those who settled at or near Burlington. In the same year, 1677, probably in November, the flie-boat "Martha," of Burlington (Yorkshire), ar- rived with one hundred and fourteen passengers. Some of the heads of families that settled in the vicinity were Thomas Wright. William Wood. Edward Season. Thomas Hooten. George Miles. William Oxley. Richard Harrison. John Lynam. Nathaniel Luke. Kichard Dungworth, Marmaduke Horsman. Thomas Schooley. William Goforth. Samuel Taylor. William Black. William Ley. The families of Robert Stacy and Samuel Odas; also Thomas Ellis and John Batts. Twenty of the passengers, perhaps more, were living forty-five years afterwards.^ In December, 1678, the "Shield," from Hull, Daniel Towes, master, arrived at Burlington, being the first ship that ever came so far up the Delaware. She made fast to a tree, and the next morning landed her passengers on the ice, so hard had the river sud- denly frozen. In her came William Eniley, the second time, with his wife, two children (one born by the way), two men and two women servants. Mahlon Stacy, his wife, children, and several ser- vants, men and women. Thomas Lambert, his wife, children, and several men and women servants. John Lambert and servant. ' Smith's Hist. New Jereoy, p. 99. * Ibid., p. 103. Thomas Revell, his wife, children, and servants. Godfrey Hancock, his wife, children, and servants. Thomas Potts, his wife and children. John Wood and four children. Thomas Wood, his wife and children. Robert Murfin, his wife and two children. Robert Schooley, his wife and children. James Pharo, bis wife and children. Susannah Fairnsworth, her children and two ser- vants. Richard Tattersal, his wife and children. Godfrey Newbold. John Dewsbury. Richard Green. Peter Fretwell. John Fretwell. John Newbold. Barns, a merchant from Hull. Francis Barwick. George Parks. George Hill. John Heyres, and several more.' The same year, 1678, there also arrived a ship from London, in which came William Hewlings. Thomas Kirby. John Petty. Jonathan Eldridge, with Abram Hewlings. others. About this time, and a few years afterwards, arrived at Burlington the following settlers from England, viz. : John Butcher. John Warrel. William Brightwin. Charles Read. John Bourten. Chris. Wetherill. Thomas Ellis. Richard Basnett. John Woolman. Samuel Furnace. Benjamin DufTeld. Roger Huggins. William Cooper. William Butcher. John Skein. John Budd. Samuel Bunting. Walter Pumphrey. Thomas Mathews. Richard Arnold. John Day. Thomas Eves. William Biddle. Samuel Cleft. Thomas Raper. William Biles. Henry Grubb. Anthony Morris. Thomas Gardner. Francis Collins. Seth Smith. John Dewsbury. James Satterthwait. John Antrom. John Stacy. John Ladd. John Payne. Thomas Wood.* John Shinn. The following notice of the early settlement of Burlington by the English, communicated to the His- torical Society of Pennsylvania by John F. Watson, was copied from the original autograph of Mrs. Mary Smith, a Friend, who arrived with the primitive col- onists when she was only four years of age : s Ibid., p. 109. I Ibid., pp. 109-110. LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. 11 "Robert Miirfin and Ann, his wiTe, living in Nottiiigtinmshirc, Eng- land, had one daugliter born them in tlie year 1674, tlie 4th of the 2d month, named Mary ' (the writer of (his account, vho married the first Daniel Smith, of Burlington). After that they had a son culled Robert. ' Some time after it came in their minds to move themselves and fam- ily into West Jersey in America; and in order thereto they went to IIull and provided provisions suitable for their necessary occasions, such as fine flour, butter, cheese, with other suitable commodities in good store; then took their passage in the good ship, the 'Shield,' of Stockton, with MahloD Stacy, Thomas Lambert, and many more families of good repute and worth ; and in the voyage there were two died and two born, so that tliey lauded as many as they took on l>o.ird. And after about sixteen weeks" sailing, or on board, they arrived at Burlington in the year 1GT8, this being the first ship that ever was known to come so high up the Delaware river. Then they landed and made some buch dwell- ings as they could for tlie present time, some in caves and others in jiulisade-houses secured. With that the Indians, very numerous but very civil, for the most part brought corn and venison and sold the Eng- lish for such things as they neaied, so that the said English had some new supply to help tlieir old stock, which may well be attributed to tlie good hand of Providence so to preserve and provide in sucli a wilderness, "I may not omit some English that came the year before, which landed lower down the river and were gotten to Burlington, who came in some small vessels up to Burlington before us, and was so consented to by the Indians. "The firjt comers, with the others that came near that time, made an agreement with the Indians for their land, being after this manner: Erom tlie river to such and .such creeks, and was to be paid in goods after this manner, say, so many match-coats, guns, hatchets, hoes, kettles - two full boxes - with other materials, all in number as agreed upon by k>oth Indians and English. When these goods were golten from Eng- land and the Indians paid, then the above-mentioned people surrendered some part of the laud to settle themselves near the river, for they did not dare to go far fiom it at first. "I must not forget that these valiant subjects, both to God and their king, did buy their land in old England before they entered (upon this engagement), and after all this did submit themselves to mean living, taking it with thankfulness, mean and coarse, as pounding Indian corn one daj- for the next day, for there was no mill, except some few steed- niillis, and (we) thought so welt of this kind of liard living that I never heard them say, ' I would I had never come !' wliich is worth observing, considering how plentifully they lived in England. It seems no other than the hand of Gi.d so to send them to prepare a place for the future generations. I wish they that come after may cotisider these ihingf:, and not be like the children of Israel after they were settled in the land of Canaan, forgetting tlie God of their fathei's and following their own vanities, and so bring disjdeasure instead of the blessings of God upou themselves, which fall and loss will be very great on all such. "It may be observed how God's providence made room for us in a Avonderful manner in taking away the Indians. Tliere came a distem- perS among them so mortal that they could not bury all the dead. Others went away, leaving their town. It was said that an old Indian king spoke prophetically before his death, and said, ' the English should I'n- crease and the Indians derrease.' " 1 Mary Smith was found drowned with her horse in 1739, near the Long Bridge, in Northern Liberties, Pliiladelphia, - supposed to have occurred I while attempting to water her horse; that was then the direct and only "road to Burlington." 2 This was the smallpox, which from the manner of tlieir treatment, [ by sweating and then plunging into cold water, was very fatal. Thomas Budd, who owned a share of propriety in West Jersey, and ancestor of a large family there, who arrived at Burlington in 1708, in a pamphlet describing the country about nine or ten years afterwards, says, in re- gard to a conference at Burlington with the Indians shortly after he came into the country, one of them, in behalf of the rest, in a speech, said, "And as to the smallpox, it was once in my grandfather's time, and it could not be the English that could send it to us then, there being no English in the country; and it was once in my father's time, they could not send it us then neither; and now it is in my time, I do not be- lieve that they have sent it us. now ; I do believe it is the man above that hath gent it us."* The disease was brought among them by the Dutch. * Mary Smith was as certainly a Christian as the Indian was a heathen. They both, however, agree as to the source from whence came the dread- ful pestilence. The heathen though arrives at his conclusion through a more Christian view llian the Christian does. Perliaps the Christian did nut recognize the fact that God made the Indians as well as the whitei. Mahlon Stacy, whose veracity we hardly think will be doubted, in a letter to his brother Revell, written in 1680, says, "... I have traveled through most of the places that are settled, tind in some that are not, and in every place I find the country very apt to answer the expectation of the diligent. I have seen orchards laden with fruit to admiration, their very limbs torn to pieces with the weight, and most de- licious to the taste, and lovely to behold. I have seen an apple-tree from a pippin kernel yield a bar- rel of curious cyder; and peaches in such plenty that some people took their carts a peach gathering. . . , They . . . hang almost like our onions that are tied on ropes." As this letter was written but two years after the first occupation of the country by the Eng- lish, these orchards must have been planted by the Indians, Dutch, or Swedes, and our forefathers must have found their new homes a pleasant land to live in. In the same letter Stacy speaks of cranberries, with which " an excelleut sauce is made for venison, turkeys, and other great fowls," and which makes "better tarts than either gooseberries' or cherries;" " of great shoals of herrings in the shallows," and "other fish, such as rocks, catfish, shad, sheep-heads, sturgeons;'" "and of fowls plenty, such as ducks, geese, turkies, pheasants, partridges," etc. Burlington at this period - 1680 - was the only town in West Jersey except New Salem, in Fen wick's col- ony. Let us glance at East Jersey : Bergen, the old- est European settlement in New Jersey, was a com- pact town which had been fortified against the Indians, and in 1680 contained seventy families. Newark was settled in 1666 by emigrants from Connecticut, and in 1682 contained one hundred families. Elizabeth, which received its name from Lady Elizabeth Car- teret, was the third settlement made in the State, and the first by the English. In 1682 it contained about five hundred inhabitants. Shrewsbury, which was first settled by emigrants from Connecticut in 1664, had in 1682 several thousand acres under cultivation, and a population of four hundred. About 1678, Thomas Olive built a grist-mill near the Rancocas, the first in West Jersey. In 1679, Mahlon Stacy built a similar mill where Trenton now stands. In 1681 the first colonists to Penn.sylvania arrived in three ships at the present site of Philadelphia, and it was not until the next year, 1682, that the city was located. In 1682-83, William Penn built a stately pile of buildings that cost nearly thirty-five thousand dollars, on the west shore of the Delaware, a few miles above the town of Burlington, which was called " Penn's Palace." There he often entertained In- dians, and held treaty covenants, religious meetings,' etc. The popular belief that the historic log cabin of the frontiersmen was introduced into America by our English forefathers is erroneous. The journal of > Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, vol. xi. p. 101. 12 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter, two Dutch Lab- adists, who visited the colonies in 1679-80, a transla- tion of which was recently published by the Long Island Historical Society, states, in speaking of Mah- lon Stacy's house at "the falls of the South River, Trenton:" "Most of the English and many others have their houses made of nothing but clapboards, as they call them there, in this manner: they first made a wooden frame, the same as they do in West- phalia and at Altona, but not so strong; they then split the boards of clapwood, so they are like coopers' pipe-staves, excepting they are not bent. These are made very thin with a large kmfe, so that the thickest end is about a pinck [little finger] thick, and the other is made sharp, like the edge of a knife. They are about five or six feet long, and are nailed on the outside of the frame, with the ends lapped over each other. They are not usually laid so close together as to prevent you from sticking a finger between them in consequence either of their not being well joined or the boards being crooked. AVhen it is cold and windy the best people plaster them with clay. Such are most all the English houses in this country, except those they have built by people of other nation:?." Near Burlington, Dankers slept at the house of Jacob Hendricks, which he describes as "being made according to the Swedish mode," of logs. As has been shown, titles to land in New Jersey are derived from the English crown. Individuals þwere forbidden to purchase land from the Indians without the consent of the proprietors. Deeds from Indian claimants are held by some of the present owners; but unless patents or surveys were also ob- tained, the legal title rests upon possession, and not upon the deeds. The proprietors were careful to pur- chase the land of the Indians, and in West Jersey no grants or surveys were allowed until the Indian title was extinguished. Every foot of soil claimed by the Indians has been obtained from them by fair aud vol- untary purchase. In West Jersey the "concessions and agreements" of 1676 regulated the government and the mode of acquiring title to land. "Head-lands" were to be granted to settlers, and commissioners were appointed to regulate the setting forth and dividing them. Afterwards commissioners were elected by the Legislature. The quantity of land appropriated in this way does not appear to have been large. It was originally intended to run out the province into tenths, fronting on the Delaware; but this was never fully carried out, counties having been established as soon as the convenience of the inhabitants demanded it. In 1678 the proprietors resolved to constitute a proprietary council of repre- sentatives, elected yearly from among themselves. At first the number was fixed at eleven, afterwards at nine, five of whom were chosen from Burlington. According to an ancient usage, the proprietor of a thirty-second part of a hundredth has the right of voting and being elected. The owner of any specific number of acres, having no interest in the undivided remainder, has no right to vote. Many of the origi- nal proprietors never came into the province ; and in consequence of their heirs failing to claim rights, only about twenty persons are now known to be pro- prietors. They meet annually at Burlington ; but as the unlocated property is of little value, and is be- coming less and less every year, it is probable that in time they will cease to act, and the State will by law provide for the preservation of their valuable records.. A dividend of each proprietor's share was first fixed at five thousand two hundred acres, but it was soon enlarged to twenty-five thousand acres. Six ad- ditional dividends have been made, assigning, in all, thirty-five thousand acres to each. Titles in West Jersey are derived from some one of the original proprietors of the hundredths. Regular deeds of conveyance are made either of a fractional part or of a specified number of acres. A proprietor upon presenting his title to the Council obtains an order for a warrant, which authorizes the surveyor- general to survey a specified number of acres from any of the unappropriated lands. Upon the return of the survey, and its certification by the surveyor- general to the Council, it is by them inspected and approved, and ordered to be recorded. A rule was adopted at an early date that surveys should not ex- tend to both sides of a navigable stream. Prior to 1700 surveyors were sent by several of the proprietors into the southern part of the State, who ran out (as tradition is, with a mariner's compass, and often on horseback) surveys of from five to twelve thousand acres each on the most accessible rivers and creeks. An allowance of five acres in the hundred was made for highways, which accounts for the fact that lands were so long taken in this State for roads without compensation to the owner. In 1719 an act of the Legislature was passed, di- recting that the surveyor-generals of East and West Jersey should hold a public oflice in Perth Aniboy and Burlington, where all surveys should be recorded. Formerly, when it became necessary to prove title, the regular chain of deeds, in some cases even from the king down, were produced in evidence as the only valid foundation for the survey. In process of time the courts took judicial notice of the original grants as matters of authentic history, and since the act of 1787 (Title Limitation, 3, Nixon's Dig.) the record of a survey duly inspected and recorded is received as prhna facie evidence of a good title. Until the act of 1838 surveys were proved by producing a witness who could swear that he had compared the copy with the original record.^ 1 Extracted from Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. vii. The Constitution and Government of the Province aud State of New Jersey, by Lucius Q. C. Elmer, LL.D. Newark, lS7:i. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 13 CHAPTER IV. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. The government of New Jersey was first established by Berkeley and Carteret, who claimed to derive the right from the grant of the Duke of York. They framed in England a Constitution, which was signed by them Feb. 10, 1664, under the title of " The Con- cessions and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Csesaria or New Jersey, to and with all and every the Adventurers, and all such as shall settle or plant there." ^ Under this instrument, which was republican in its character, a government was commenced, and with some interruption, occa- sioned by the Dutch conquest and other causes, con- tinued until the partition of the province into East and West Jersey by means of the quinti partite deed of 1676. After this the government of the two prov- inces was distinct until the surrender of Queen Anne in 1702. West Jersey was governed according to the pro- visions of " The concessions and agreements of the proprietors, freeliolders, and inhabitants of the Prov- ince of West New Jersey in America," dated March 3, 1676, and signed by William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and one hundred and forty-six others. Of this instrument Mr. Richard S. Field, in a dis- course^ read before the New Jersey Historical Society, says, "A more beautiful fabric of free -government was never reared. It should be forever embalmed in the memory of Jerseymen." "No man nor number of men upon earth," such is its language, " have power or authority to rule over men's conscience in religious matters; therefore it is agreed and ordained that no person or persons what- soever, within the said Province, shall at any time hereafter, in any way or upon any pretence whatever, be called in question, or in the least punished or hurt, either in person, privilege, or estate, for the sake of . his opinion, judgment, faith, or worship in matters of religion." Never was there a more comprehen- sive act of religious toleration, and never was it vio- lated, either in its letter or its spirit. Following Mr. Field, " No tax, custom, subsidy, assessment, or any other duty whatever was, upon any color or pretence, how specious soever, to be imposed upon the inhabit- ants of the Province without the consent and au- thority of the General Assembly. It would seem as if, with prophetic spirit, they had foreseen the very form in which tyranny would assail them. So dear to them was the right of trial by jury that their language in relation to it almost savors of refinement and borders upon excess. The justices were to sit with the twelve men of the neighborhood, to assist them in matters of 1 Learning and Spicer's Grants an J Concessions, p. 12. W. Bradford, Philadelpbia, 1758. sCkjllections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. ill. Richard ?. Field, 1840, Kew York. law, and to pronounce each judgment as they should re- ceive from the twelve men, in whom alone, it was de- clared, the judgment resided ; and in case of the neglect or refusal of the justices to pronounce such judgment, then one of the twelve, by consent of the rest, was to pronounce their own judgment as the justices should have done, - language prompted, no doubt, by the bitter recollection of the way in which the rights of juries had so often been trampled upon in England by overbearing judges. Members of the Assembly were to be chosen by ballot, to receive instructions at large from those who sent them, and to covenant and oblige themselves to be faithful to their constitu- ents by indentures under their hand and seal. They were to receive for their services a shilling a day, that thereby they might be known to be the servants of the people." These concessions were declared to be their com- mon law, their great charter ; they were to be read at the beginning and the dissolving of every General Free Assembly, and they were also directed to be writ on fair tables in every hall of justice in the prov- ince, and read by the magistrates in solemn manner four times every year in the presence of the people, "it being intended and resolved, by the help of the Lord and these our Concessions, that every person in- habiting the said Province shall, as far as in us lies, be free from oppression and slavery." "Precious words! And how should our hearts overflow with gratitude to God that now," over two centuries "since this pious purpose was first announced, we live to see it realized. There is not to be found in the whole history of our country, rich as it is in interesting scenes, an incident so beautiful as the first settlement of West Jersey by the Quakers." Nor were the settlers of West Jersey sati.sfied with the mere declaration of their rights and privileges. They were always ready to assert and vindicate them whenever they were questioned or assailed. Thus when the agent of the Duke of York at the Hoarkills persisted in exacting customs of all vessels ascending the Delaware to New Jersey, the Quaker settlers re- monstrated against it so earnestly that the duke, wearied by their importunity, referred the matter to commissioners. To the commissioners they then ad- dressed themselves, and in support of their claim to exemption delivered an argument couched in the language of intelligent freemen, and breathing the very spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty. This argument was attended, as it deserved to be, with triumphant success, and West Jersey became a free and inde- pendent province. The concessions provided among other things that the management of the estate and affairs of the province be committed to commissioners appointed by the proprietaries, with power to divide and sell the lands, to lay out towns, and generally to govern the province according to the concessions until March, 1680, after which the one hundred pro- prietaries were to be divided into ten divisions or u HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. tribes of men, each division to elect one commissioner annually. Some of the Governors were appointed by the pro- prietors and others by the Legislature, which latter body apijears to have appointed all the other officers necessary to carry on the government. Under the proprietary government the courts of West Jersey consisted, in the first place, of a court for small causes, held by a single justice of the peace, having jurisdic- tion only in actions of debt under forty shillings, with a right of appeal to the County Court.' County Courts, or Courts of Sessions, as they were called, were first established by act of Assembly for Burling- ton and Salem, in 1682. They were to be held four times a year by the justices of the peace in each county. They seem to have had unlimited jurisdic- tion in all cases, civil and criminal, with this single exception, that they could not try offenses of a capital nature. It is an interesting fact that up to 1693 there was really no tribunal in West Jersey compe- tent to try offenses of a capital nature. The first set- tlers - the peaceful Quakers - appeared to be almost unwilling to suppose that such a horrible crime could be committed in their community. It was, however, provided that whenever a person should be found guilty of murder or treason, the sentence and way of execution were to be left to the General Assembly to determine as they in the wisdom of the Lord should judge meet and expedient.' These Courts of Sessions were the great courts of West Jersey, and for a long time there was no appeal from their decisions. In 1693,^ however, a Supreme Court of Appeals was erected, consisting of one or more of the justices of each county and one or more of the Governor's Council for the time being, any three of whom, one being of the Council, were to constitute a quorum. This court, as originally organized, was strictly an ap- pellate tribunal, but in 1699, during the administra- tion of Governor Hamilton, its title and constitution underwent an essential change.* It was then called the Provincial Court, and was composed of three judges, to be chosen by the House of Representatives, and one or more of the justices of each county, of whom any three of the said justices, in conjunction with two of the said judges, were to be a quorum. It was to be held twice a year in each county, to have original as well as appellate jurisdiction, and when the matter in controversy amounted to twenty pounds there was to be an appeal from its judgment to the General Assembly. In 1693 a Court of Oyer and Terminer was established for the trial of capital crimes, to be composed of a judge appointed by the Governor and Council, assisted by two or more jus- tices of the county where the crime was committed. There are no traces of a Court of Chancery in West Jersey under the proprietary government. Law was 1 Oranta and CoDcesBloiiF, p. 509. < lUd., p. 617, * Ibid,, p. 401. * Ibid., p. 603. probably administered in all their courts upon very equitable principles. It must be remembered that nearly all the disputes arising among the Quakers - and nearly all' the first settlers were Quakers - were kept within control of that society and settled accord- ing to the rules of the same, - equity. The laws enacted by the provincial government of West Jersey do not appear to have been printed until such of them as were extant were collected by Leaming and Spicer. They were sent in manuscript to the counties and read at public assemblies of the people. None of these laws are now in force. We now come to the period of the surrender. The claim of the proprietors to exercise the powers of government had been for some years questioned ; a quo warranto was actually depending in the Court of King's Bench, the object of which was to test its val- idity, and the increasing number and conflicting views of the proprietors rendered the possession of such powers of doubtful utility. Difficulties arose, and the proprietors joined those of East Jersey, and an absolute and unconditional surrender of them was made to the crown. Upon the assumption of the government by Queen Anne, in 1702, Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, a grandson of the illustrious Clarendon and a cousin of the queen, was appointed the first royal Governor of the united provinces of East and We^t Jersey. He was a weak, corrupt, and tyrannical man, who dis- graced the sovereign whose representative he was, and dishonored the noble ancestry from which he sprung.^ He was appointed to hold office during the pleasure of the crown. The commission and instructions accompanying it, drawn with great care and ability, contained the Con- stitution under which the government of the prov- ince was administered, with but little variation, until the adoption of the Constitution of 1776. They con- tained the main features of the British Constitution, as improved by the revolution of 1688. The execu- tive power was confided to the Governor, with the advice of twelve counselors, appointed occasionally by the crown, but more commonly by the Governor, six of whom resided in each division of the colony. The legislative power was vested in the Governor, the Council, and a General Assembly. The Assembly was convened, adjourned, and dissolved at the pleas- ure of the Governor and Council, and elected by vir- tue of writs issued by their authority, two by the inhabitants and householders of the town of Burling- ton, and ten by the freeholders of West Jersey. No law could be passed without the Governor's assent. In 1709 they passed an act reciting that the present Constitution was found inconvenient, and to remedy the same enacted that after the dissolution of the pres- 'Upon liis remoTol from office he was tlirown into jail by his exasper- ated creditors, from wliicli he was not released until the death of his father, the Earl of Clurendou. CIVIL GOVERNiMENT. 15 ent Assembly the representatives should be chosen by the majority of votes of the freeholders in each county having one hundred acres of land in his own right, or be worth fifty pounds, and that the person elected should have one thousand acres of land, or be worth five hundred pounds. Two were to be elected for each of the towns of Burlington and Salem, and two for each of the then four counties of "West Jersey. Perfect equality was preserved between the two divis- ions of the colony. Hunterdon County was established in 1714, but continued to choose representatives in conjunction with Burlington until 1727, when it was authorized to choose two, and the town of Salem was deprived of its separate representative. In 1725 an act was passed requiring the sheriff and other officer to whom a writ of election was directed to give public notice of the day and place of election, and on that day, between the hours of ten and twelve, to proceed to the election ; that he should not declare the choice upon the view, - i.e., from a vote by holding up of hands, - nor adjourn without the consent of the can- didates, but should, if a poll was required, proceed from day to day and time to time until all the electors then and there present be polled, and he was required to appoint a clerk, who should set down the names of the electors and the persons they voted for. This mode of election continued for some time after the Revolution. The polls generally closed the first day. In 1789, in consequence of the rivalry between East and West Jersey as to whether the seat of the United States government should be temporarily at New- York or Philadelphia, the polls were kept open in some of the western counties three or four weeks. Voting by ballot appears to have been introduced after the Revolution. It was practiced in some of the counties in 1779, but was soon discontinued. In 1783 and 1790 the election by ballot was restored and required in some, and in 1797 in all the counties. From the surrender (1702) until 1776 there were but twenty-two Assemblies, some of which continued but one and others eight years. In 1768 an act was passed that a General Assembly should be held once in seven years at least. The Assembly first elected after this act was dissolved at the end of three years ; that convened in 1772 dissolved itself in 1776. The number and duration of the sittings of the several Assemblies were very diverse, there having been on some occasions five or six within one year, and on others there was an interval of two and once of five years without an Assembly being convened. All the provincial officers of the colony and counties, even the clerks of the Assembly, were appointed directly by the crown or by the Governor and Council. For several years the proprietors in England had much inffuence in the appointment of officers. Occasion- ally the officers appointed by the Governor and Council were superseded by direct appointments from the crown. The Governor and Council were empowered to erect such courts as they should think necessary, and to appoint judges and all other necessary officers and magistrates, and were instructed not to remove any of the judges or other officers without good cause, to be signified to the crown, and not to express any limitation of time in the commissions. By virtue of their power they granted patents establishing and alter- ing theboundariesof townships, constituted municipal and other corporations, and established and regulated ferries, and by ordinances established courts of jus- tice, defined their powers, appointed the times and places at which they should be held, and regulated the fees. Lord Cornbury, the first Governor, promulgated an ordinance in 1704, and of it Richard S. Field, in his interesting account of the provincial courts of New Jersey,' says, " He is entitled to the credit of having laid the foundation of our whole judicial system, and laid it well." Justices were to have cognizance of cases to the value of forty shillings. In each county there was established a Court of Common Pleas and a Court of General Sessions of the peace, each with quarterly terms; and for the province, a Supreme Court, to sit once in each year at Perth Amboy and at Burlington. In 1714 the Supreme Court was required to hold two terms yearly in each place, and courts for the trial of issues were appointed to be held yearly in each county. The constitution and powersof the courts remained the same, except that in 1724 the jurisdic- tion of the Common Pleas was restricted so as to ex- cept causes wherein the right or title of any lands were in any wise concerned. The jurisdiction of these several courts remains to this day as established by the ordinance of 1724. The only material changes since made in the system first established have been the establishment of an Orphans' Court in each county, and the giving to the Circuit Courts orig- inal jurisdiction in all cases at common law, includ- ing cases where the title to land is in question, and equity powers in mortgage cases. The original in- structions provided for appeals from the courts to the Governor and Council in cases where the sum exceeded one hundred pounds, with an unlimited ap- peal to the king's Privy Council where the sum ex- ceeded two hundred pounds. Lord Cornbury provided by ordinance that the Governor or Lieutenant-Gov- ernor for the time being and any three of the Coun- cil should constitute a Court of Chancery. Governor Franklin in 1770 issued an ordinance by which it was ordained that His Excellency William Franklin be constituted chancellor, and empowered to appoint such masters, clerks, examiners, registers, and other necessary officers as should be needful in holding said court. The constitution and powers of this court re- main unaltered, except that the Governor is no longer chancellor. The office of register has been abolished, 1 Collections of New Jeney Hiitorical Society, toI. iii., 18-19. 16 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. and the appointment of a clerk conferred on the Gov- ernor and Senate. No appeal was provided for until 1799, when the Legislature enacted that an appeal might be taken to the Court of Errors and Appeals. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction was reserved to the Bishop of London, excepting only " the collating to benefices, granting licenses for marriages, and the probate of wills," which were assigned to the Gov- ernor. By virtue of this grant he became ordinary of the province, having all the powers in regard to the estates of deceased persons which in Eng- land belonged to the courts of the bishop and arch- bishop. As judge, therefore, of the "Prerogative Court," he had sole and exclusive jurisdiction of mat- ters relating to wills, to administrations, and to guar- dianships, with no superior but the king and his Privy Council. It being inconvenient and almost impossible for the people in all parts of the province to resort to the Governor, especially when he resided in New York, he appointed deputies, called surrogates, to act for him. Michael Kearney, in 1720, was commissioned surrogate of the province. He had full power to swear the witnesses to last wills and testaments, and to admit administrations on the estates of persons dying intestate, and administer the oaths to executors and administrators for the due execution of their oiBces, and take their bonds in his name, to call to account and reckoning with executors and adminis- trators, and their accounts to. examine, approve, allow, and discharge, and quietus thereupon to give and grant, and the balance of said account to receive, for which he was to be accountable to him. Afterwards one was appointed. for each division, and as occasion required one for two or three counties, and sometimes more than one in the same county. They were re- movable at the pleasure of the Governor. The pro- bate of wills and other official acts were generally in his name and under his hand and official seal. The acts of these surrogates were recognized as valid by the courts. When disputes arose they were settled in the Prerogative Court. In 1784, Orphans' Courts were established, and pro- vision was made for one surrogate in each county. The original jurisdiction of the ordinary remained as before; until 1820 it was restricted to the granting of probates of wills, letters of administration, letters of guardianship, and to the hearing and finally de- termining of disputes that may arise thereon. In these matters it is still concurrent with that of the Surrogates' and Orphans' Courts ; and from all orders and decrees of the Orphans' Court an appeal may be taken to the Prerogative Court. In 1822 the appoint- ment of the surrogate was given to the joint meeting, and 80 remained until the new Constitution provided for his election by a popular vote. The Supreme Court was invested with plenary jurisdiction in criminal as well as civil cases. Until about 1794 it was the practice of the sheriff, by virtue of a writ, to summons grand juries for the county in which the Supreme Court sat, who inquired and made presentments, and passed on indictments for offenses committed in that county. Other criminal cases were brought there by the attorney-general, or on special leave by the defendant. Trial by a jury of the county in which the offense was alleged to have been com- mitted or the cause of action arose were quite fre- quent. Special commissions of Oyer and Terminer until 1794 were issued for the trial of felonies in the differ- ent counties when considered necessary, and regularly at the times of the yearly Circuit Courts. The com- mission continued in force a certain specified time, - a few days or several months. Clerks of the courts were appointed by the Governor, to hold office during his pleasure. One or more clerks of the circuit at- tended the sittings in the counties, and kept their own minutes.' The Oyer and Terminer as well as the Circuit were regarded as branches of the Supreme Court, and the proceedings therein subject to its control. The sheriff, justices of the peace, the mayor and other officials of any corporation within the counties, and all officers of the courts were required to be at- tending on the chief justice and other justices going the circuit at his coming into and leaving the several counties, and during his abode within the same; and the practice, as it was in England until the introduc- tion of railways, was for the sheriff, with as many justices and other gentlemen on horseback as he could conveniently collect, to await the arrival of the judge at the county line, and escort him to his lodgings. At the opening and closing of the court from day to day the sheriff and constables, with their staves of office, escorted him from and to his place of lodging to the court-house. When sitting in court the justices of the Supreme Court wore a robe of office, and com- monly a wig. In 1765 the Supreme Court promul- gated a rule requiring counselors (excepting those of the people called Quakers) practicing in the Supreme Court or any of the courts on the circuit, when ap- pearing in court, to " be habited in the bar gown and band commonly worn by barristers at Westminster and on the circuits in England, under a penalty of a contempt of this rule." It continued to be observed until 1791, when upon a petition of the leading coun- selors the rule was rescinded. Justices of the Supreme Court appear at first to have been appointed without any express limitations, but were removable for cause, made known to the king. Chief Justice Morris, as early as 1738, was commissioned during good behavior, aud this appears to have been afterwards the usual tenure until 177G, when it was changed to the very questionable term 1 A book containing such minuteB of the Oyer and Terminer and Circuit Courts held in most of tlie counties from 1749 to 1762 is preserved in the clerk's oflBce of Middlesex County. COLONIAL WARS. 11 of seven years. Slieriffs were first appointed " during our pleasure," but in 1747 an act of the Legislature was passed limiting the term of office to three years, and rendering them incapable of holding the office again for three years. In 1714 an act was passed to raise money for build- ing and repairing jails and court-houses. It also au- thorized the election of two freeholders to serve for one year, who together with the justices of the peace of each county, or any three of them, one whereof constituting a quorum, should appoint assessors and collectors. The board thus constituted continued to liave the care of the county business until the act of 1798 incorporated the freeholders alone. Some of the townships were established by patents which authorized the choice by the inhabitants of constables, overseers of the highways and poor, as- sessors and collectors. An act in 1717 required the inhabitants of all the townships to elect annually as- sessors and collectors of taxes. Constables, except in the patent townships, were appointed yearly by the Courts of General Sessions of the several counties.^ CHAPTER V. COLONIAL WARS. The story of Burlington's part in these wars, like that of the State, is almost lost to history. The gen- eral movements of the regiments, the names of a few of the officers, and perhaps men, a few letters, treas- ured among family papers for many generations, and an occasional item are all that time's destroying hand has left to remind us of the first wars of our fathers. It can readily be supposed, among the Quaker element that constituted the preponderating part of the popu- lation of this county, that the raising of troops v/as not looked upon with any favor, in fact they expelled from their society all those that openly favored it. Yet it must be remembered that the young men of the community, those capable of bearing arms, were the first generation of Americans, reared in a new and wild country, used to traversing the woods with the axe or gun in search of deer and other game, the very class of people, had it not been for the moral restraints in which they had been reared, that would with ardor have embarked upon an expedition prom- ising novel and exciting scenes. It must be remembered the first settlers witnessed in "Old England," as most of them affectionately termed their native land, long scenes of strife and war, and not a few had been soldiers in the civil wars that disturbed the kingdom. William Biddle, who settled 1 Extracted from Collections of Kew Jarsey Historical Society, vol. vii. The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey, etc., by Lucius Q. C. Elmer, LL.D. Newark, 1S72. on the banks of the Delaware near where Kinkora now is, the exemplary Christian and a leader of the Friends, had served with gallantry as a major in Cromwell's army, and Maj. John Fenwick, as equally sincere a Christian but somewhat belligerent Friend, commanded the cavalry at the execution of Charles I. Cromwell's iron government and successful wars, the battles of his generals upon his death, the restora- tion of the Stuarts in the person of Charles II., in 1G60, the attempt of Charles to seize almost absolute power, which resulted in the national liberty gained in the famous Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, the acces- sion of the Catholic king. James II., to the throne of England, the descent in 1688 on England of the Prince of Orange (William III., husband of Mary, James II. 's daughter by Anne Hyde) with a Dutch fleet an'd army, the landing of James II. in Ireland, and the decisive battle of the Boyne in 1690, which overthrew Catholicism in the British Kingdom, the union of England and Holland under the same prince, William III., who was stadtholder, captain, and admiral-general of the republic, and the intrigues and designs that followed, - these were the stirring events that transpired during the lifetime of many of the first settlers, and hardly a ship arrived from Eng- land that brought not rumors of wars, of treaties, alliances, or leagues between the ambitious monarchs of E.iirope in which England was not interested. To obtain a proper insight into the feelings and thoughts of the earlj' settlers these events, in which they were naturally more or less interested, must not be over- looked. As early as 1704, Governor Lord Cornbury, in his message to the Assembly, advises a bill for regulating the militia, and the year prior we find the names of Col.Tlichard Townley and Capt. John Harrison.- May 4, 1702, England, under Queen Anne, who succeeded William III. in 1702, declared war against France. The latter actively prosecuted the same against the northern provinces, penetrating as far as the Merrimac River, and burning the town of Hav- erhill. Upon the entreaty of New England the con- quest of Arcadia, Canada, and Newfoundland was contemplated in 1709. The quota from New Jersey was fixed at two hundred troops. The Assembly acted with spirit, appropriating three thousand pounds and encouraging the enlistment of volunteers. These men were divided into three companies without field- officers. Capt. John Harrison and First Lieut. John Ruydiard are the only officers whose names we can ascertain. Whether any New Jersey troops partici- pated in^he attack and capture of Port Royal, Nova Scotia, by Col. Nicholson, in the early part of Octo- ber, 1710, we know not. Animated by his success the colonel again urged upon the ministry the reduction of Canada, which had been strongly recommended 2 Journal and Votes of the House of Representatives of Xi. ITOJ. J. H. Lyon, Jer8eyC;ty, 1872. State Doc, rp- -C-2S. Jersey, 18 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. by tlic Indian allies as the only efiectual means of securing the northern colonies. Governor Hunter, of Kew Jersey, summoned the Assembly in July, 1711, and, the cause being popular, they promptly appro- priated twelve thousand five hundred ounces of plate (dollars) in bills of credit, and resolved to raise three hundred and sixty men besides officers. The provin- cial troops, numbering three thousand men, with one thousand friendly Indians, under the command of Col. Francis Nicholson, marched from Albany towards Canada the latter part of August, and reached Fort George. Here learning that the expedition against Quebec of veteran regiments of jMarlhorough's army and provincials under Gen. Hill and a vast fleet of transports and men-of-war under Admiral Sir Hove- den Walker had met with disaster among the rocks and islands of the St. Lawrence, Nicholson was forced to return to Albany. On March 31, 1713, the treaty of Utrecht established peace between Great Britain and France, and terminated a merciless war upon the northern frontier. This long war was conducted on the part of England in America with magnificent designs, little energy, and less skill. George, Elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I., succeeded Anne, Queen of England, in 1714. He was the founder of the House of Hanover, and Avas succeeded by his son, George II., in 1727. A misunderstanding having existed for several years between England and Spain in the AVest Indies, war was declared by the former in 1739. Admiral Ver- non, with a fleet and a body of troops under Lord Cathcart, was dispatched against the Spanish islands, and aid was asked from the American colonies. New Jersey on this, as upon other occasions, showed the same alacrity in aiding the mother-country, and promptly passed a bill for raising, transporting, and supporting her quota of troops, but some of its details were un- satisfactory to Governor Morris. He delayed his as- sent to the bill, and it is doubtful if the troops of the province participated in the expedition. A masked war having been carried on between Eng- land and France, war was declared by those nations in March, 1744. This is known in American history as " King George's war." The next spring Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, conceived the design of capturing Cape Breton and Louisburg, the stronghold of the French in America, and the rendezvous for their numerous privateers that infested the Atlantic coast of the provinces. Unaided by the English,' 1 George II. was too much occupied at home to assist the col >nies. Clmrles KJward, son of the Pretender and prandson of James II,, as- sisted \>y the Court of France, hmdod in Scotland in August, 1745. Joined by a nnnibor of partisans, he caused his father to be proclaimed King of Enphuid at rrobation." Tiiomas Cadwallader lives near Trenton, in the old county of Burlington. In June, 1746, Governor Hamilton convened the Assembly of New Jersey, and it resolved to raise, equip, and support five hundred men to aid in the conquest of Canada. A bounty of six pounds was offered, and so popular was the enterprise that in less than two months six hundred and sixty men were enlisted. Five companies were formed from these to make the New Jersey quota, and a sixth com- pany was transferred to the province of New York. That the "war fever" had spread to the young mem- bers of the Society of Friends is evident by their own testimony, and only goes to prove that the young men of Burlington in olden times were as ready to fight as the present generation proved when called upon by their country. In the records above referred to we find that in 1746, 1756, 1757, and 1758, Samuel Hor- ner, Joseph Thorn, Jr., Aaron Quicksall, Francis King, John Scholey, and Ralph Woodward were testified against and duly expelled from meeting for "going on an Expedition and taking up arms." The troops reached Albany September 3d, where, in consequence of the failure of arrival of the British regulars, the ])roposed invasion of the French prov- inces was abandoned. They were under the command of Col. Philip Schuyler, and remained until the next autumn, overawing the Indians and protecting the frontier. Troops in camp, if not in proximity to the enemy and are not kept un^er strict discipline, are always dissatisfied and sometimes restive. In April, Edward concealed himself in the mountains until lie could escape to France. Gen. Hugh Mercer, who was killed at Princeton during ou" Revolu- tion, was a surgeon at the battle of Cullodi-u. COLONIAL WARS. 19 1747, the Jersey companies mutinied and determined to march off with their arms and baggage. The pay promised by the crown was slowly remitted, and the troops demanded their arrears. To keep them quiet Col. Schuyler dispatched an express to Governor Hamilton, who recommended to the Assembly to provide for their pay, but the House, not fearing the loss of their votes, as in our days, decided that, hav- ing expended more than twenty thousand pounds in equipping, transporting, and feeding them, tliey would appropriate no more money. Col. Schuyler, however, was more generous and patriotic, and advanced many thousand pounds from his private funds to supply the wants of his men. No further military movements of any moment took place in America during the war, which was termina- ted by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in October, 1748. The war, through the incapacity and misrule of the British government, was a perfect failure. The north- ern colonies, which entered into it with zeal, were sadly disappointed in the expectations from and promises of England. Their troops, raised, equipped, and transported at great expense, were kept inactive, waiting impatiently for generals, orders, or regular troops from England. The fruits of the only success of the war, the brilliant expedition of Shirley and Pepperel, which resulted in the conquest of the island of Cape Breton and its capital, Louisburg, were re- stored to the French, and the very object of the war, the right of the British to navigate the American seas free from search, was unnoticed in the treaty of peace. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was but a hollow truce, and was scarcely regarded by the French in America. Eager to extend their territories and to connect their possessions in Canada with those of Louisiana, they established a chain efforts along the Ohio and Mississippi. English traders were arrested and sent to France, and Governor Dinwiddle, of Vir- ginia, sent George Washington, a youth of twenty years, to the West to gain information. The English monarch, deceived and insulted by the Court of Ver- sailles, sent orders, in 1754, to the American Governors to repel the encroachments by force. The English, by coldness and apathy, had alienated the Indians, and prudence required that their affections towards the colonies should be restored, and to cope with the French successfully some confederacy of the colonies was necessary. A convention of the colonies assem- bled at Albany in 1754, for the purpose of forming a league with the Six Nations and concerting measures for united operations. Dr. Franklin there offered his celebrated plan of union, which is known in all our histories as " the Albany Plan of Union." It was adopted by the convention but rejected by the Col- onial Assemblies, but not many years afterwards was rendered instrumental to the achievement of our in- dependence. Franklin was not really its author, as it is little more than a transcript of the design sketched in the preface of "A Description of the English Province of Carolana, by the Spaniards called Florida, and by the French, La Louisiana," published in 1722, and written by Daniel Coxe, after- wards one of the judges of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. He was the son of Dr. Daniel Coxe, at one time a resident of Burlington City. Washington marched to the Great Meadows, the French erected Fort Du Quesno, hostilities actually commenced, and Great Britain prepared energetically for the war. In June, 1755, Gen. Winslow, of Massa- chusetts, with three thousand troops of that colony and three hundred British regulars, conquered Nova Scotia. In July of the same year, Braddock, through presumption, arrogance, and ignorance, met with an ignominious defeat on the Monoiigahela. New Jersey apprehended no danger from the French and Indians on the Ohio, but appropriated, early in 1755, five hundred pounds to assist the royal troops. She cordially approved of an expedition against Crown Point, and raised five hundred men to join it, appropriating fifteen hundred pounds for their support. Peter Schuyler, an officer of deserv- ingly great popularity with the embryo soldiers, was appointed colonel, and the battalion was soon filled, and flint-locks were secured from Virginia. The bat- talion moved to Albany, where it joined the army under Gen. William Johnson, who, late in August, 1755, marched to the southern shores of Lake George on his way to Ticonderoga. Gen. Dieskau,' march- ing from Quebec to attack Fort Oswego, learning of this movement changed his plan and moved direct upon the American camp. Two detachments sent forward to annoy him were defeated, and he assaulted Johnson's fortified camp. Dieskau, who was unques- tionably a general of military skill, was defeated, wounded, and taken prisoner. Johnson had sent out a scouting-party that, gaining the enemy's rear, seized their baggage, and attacked so vigorously from be- hind trees the retreating army that they fled panic- stricken.' The defeat of Braddock's (now Dunbar's) army was followed by the merciless savages, who ravaged the country even to within thirty miles of Philadelphia. They burned the houses and villages, and murdered men, women, and children. Many of the terror- stricken inhabitants fled into Jersey. Four hundred Jerseymen, raised, equipped, and supported by funds advanced by the wealthy inhabitants, were sent to the defense of Easton, Schuyler's battalion was re- called for the defense of the river frontier, and ten thousand pounds was voted to defray expenses. During the winter of 1755-56 forts and block-houses were erected at favorable points on the Delaware. Governor Shirley was appointed commander-in- chief, and it was decided to raise 10,250 men for the 1 Daron Jolin Herm.ind Dieskau, lieutenant-general Frencli army. s The House cf Commons presentfd Joliiison witli five thousand pounJt and the kiig confciied upon U:ni llic title of baronet. 20 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. campaign of 1756. The plan resolved upon was too extensive for the means possessed, and served only to dissipate the strength. In enlisting troops in New Jersey indented servants were received into the ranks, which gave such offense to the inhabitants that the Assembly threatened to di.sband the regiment, but the emergency of the occasion caused them to appropri- ate fifteen thousand pounds for their maintenance. Gen. Abercrombie, who had superseded Gen. Shir- ley, soon gave place to the Earl of Loudon. Mont- calm marched against Fort Oswego with the French, Canadians, and'Indians. His superior artillery soon forced the garrison, sixteen hundred in number, to surrender. One-half of the New Jersey regiment, which formed part of the garrison, were made pris- oners and sent to Canada, where they w0 Invalids, everything carried a Bad Prospect, until Generals Thomp- son and Sullivans Brigades arrived at Sorel in Thomsons Biigade came four fine Regis, from Cambridge, those Regis, as soon as they arrived almst, by Gen. Arnold's orders, were Inoculated for the Small Pox, as was Cul. Stark's Regt. a few Days after, all without the least occasion, as it was then an eatmaster of Philadelphia at one time, and served as clerk in the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania. He was a captain in the French and Indian war, and fought bravely under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. He vi.-ited England with his father, and was api)ointed Governor of New Jersey in 17C3 by Lord Fairfax. Until the period of the Revolution he was very poiailar with the people. His conduct caused an estrangement with his father, which lasted for ten years. After he was exchanged he became president of the hoard of directors of the Associated Loyali.sts. He went to England at the close of the war, where he resided until his death, in November, 1813, enjoying a pension of four thousand dollars per annum. He left a natural sou, William Teniple Franklin, who edited his giaud.''ather's the royal Governor of New Jersey at this time. To strengthen the Tory element and oppose the patriots he summoned the House of Assembly, in the name of the king, to meet in June. But the Provincial Congress declared him an enemy of the cause, and ordered his arrest. Col. Heard executed this order, and brought liim before the Provincial Council, who sent him under guard to Governor Trumbull, of Con- necticut, who confined him in jail. William Liv- ingston was elected the first Governor of the State.''' Upon the reorganization of the Continental army upon the basis of eighty-eight battalions. Congress called upon New Jersey, Sept. 16, 1776, for four bat- talions, termed the Second Edablishmenf. In this the command of the Second Battalion was given to Col. Israel Shreve, and in it we find Ensign John Shreve promoted to a second lieutenancy. The militia of New Jersey was organized in 1775. At various times during the war thi.s State, by reason of its situation on the coast, and its lying between cities in possession of the enemy, was continually open to the incursion of British troops and tlie rav- ages of refugees and Indians. It was also the theatre of many battles, skirmishes, and forage expeditions, greatly to the annoyance of the inhabitants, as well as dangerous to the established government. It was found necessary, therefore, to embody, as occasion required, a certain quota of volunteers from the militia of the different counties. These men were held liable to duty when needed, not only in this, but also in adjoining States. These organizations were called "New Jersey Levies," "Five Months' Levies," but generally designated as " State Troops."^ The first act to organize the infantry branch of the State troops was passed Nov. 27, 1776. We shall have occasion to speak of them hereafter. The year 1776 - glorious '76 ! - has been truly termed " the time that tried men's souls." The aus- picious opening of the struggle was followed by a series of defeats and disappointments in that year that nearly crushed out the life of the infant nation. Washington, anticipating the march of Gen. Howe works, aud died in Paris in 1823. A work published in 1802 B.iys, " Gov- ernor Franklin in point of person is above the common size, with tiie eye and figure of a veteran. Although subject to the gout, he appears to be stroug aud athletic, and was accounted one of the handsomest men in .\merica." Had he j. lined the patiiut cause he i>rulially would have attained an illustrious po>ition among the galaxy of the Revolu- tion. But he preferred a life of inglorious comfort to an eternity of fame. * William Livingston, LL.D., was born in New York in 1723, and graduated in Yale College. In 1708 he edited the Ameri':an Wliig, iu New York. He afterwards became a distinguished lawyer, and signal- ized himself by his wiitiiigs agaiIl^t the encroaclimeuts of Great Britain. Soon after his removal lo N?w Jersey he was chosen a member of the fir.st Coiigres.s,in 1774. He was appointed a brigadier-general of militia, Oct. 28, 1775. In 177G he was elected Governor of New Jersey, and such were his acknowledged talents and republican virtue, and the love of the peojile for him, that he was annually elected to that office until bii death. He was a delegate to the convention which formed the Consti- tution of the United States, and an author of much ability. He died in Elizabethtown, July '25, 1790. s Adjt.-Geu. Striker. 24 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. upon Philadelphia, crossed into New Jersey. Mov- ing slowly, breaking down the bridges, obstructing the roads with fallen trees, taking up positions, dis- playing lines of battle, he had the address to prolong a march of ninety miles for nineteen days. Arriving at Trenton with about three thousand " ragamuflBns," as the Tories with some propriety called them, with nothing that could be dignified witli the name of cavalry, and with a splendidly- equipped army of twenty thousand under Cornwallis following him, "Washington, as the last alternative, after destroying the bridges on the roads along the river, collected the boats on the Jersey shore, and on the 8th of December crossed the Delaware to the Pennsylvania side. As the last boat reached the shore at midnight, a division of the IBritish army with all the pomp of victors marched into Trenton. Corn- wallis immediately threw out detachments to recon- noitre the river above and below his position, and soon after advanced strong columns to Coryell's Ferry above, and Bordentown below, thus threatening to cross at two points and envelope the American army or march directly upon Philadelphia. All the boats upon the river for the distance of seventy miles having been secured upon the Pennsylvania side, Cornwallis awaited quietly the formation of a bridge of ice to cross his troops over and march ti-iumphantly into Philadelphia. At this time the British had complete possession of New Jersey. Their troops were stretched from Bur- lington and Mount Holly to Trenton, and from thence to Princeton, New Brunswick, and Amboy. They marched up and down the Delaware and through the country without any molestation. Cornwallis looked with contempt upon the weak and scattered forces of Washington, and although he was bent upon the cap- ture of Philadelphia as a paramount measure, both he and Howe retired to New York. Cornwallis had even applied for leave of absence and made arrange- ments to sail for England, and when Col. Rail asked for reinforcements, said to the messenger, "Tell the colonel he is very safe; I will undertake to keep the peace in New Jersey with a corporal's guard." On the 10th of December a detachment of Continen- tal rifles passed through Bordentown, from the White Horse tavern, where they had been stationed, they re- moving the plank from the drawbridge over Crosswicks Creek. Moving down to Burlington, they crossed over the river to Bristol. The next day Count Donop, at the head of a Hessian battalion, numbering some four hun- dred men and two brass field-pieces, marched through Bordentown to Burlington. They stacked their arms in the streets and commenced cooking their dinner, but a number of Continental gondolas in the river opening fire upon them, they thought it better to with- draw.^ 1 History of the Church in Burliugton, Bev. George Morgan Hills, D.D , page 315. Dr. Odell, a noted Tory, in a letter speaking of their arrival, says, - "After giving tliis Parole I remain'd unmolested nt home till about the middle of Inst month (Decemher*, whcnabody of Hes-ians under the command of Count Bunop came to Burlinclon, iutciiding to fake Post with us for the Winter. Some of my neighbors thought it advisable to meet the commandant on his approach to the Town and to request him to spare the Inhabitants from Insult and their property from pilhige, they requested me to go with them and as-ist in tliis charitable Address as nn Interpreter. I did so, and had the pleasure to find that I had a pretty pood pnspect of being of real service to my peaceable neigliburs. But five Gondolas lying in the River began to cannonade the town in order to prevent the troops taking Quarter witli us. Many houses \v purchased five hvmdred and twenty acres of land of Robert Burnet. The tract com- menced where Abel Chafferty's mill now stands. lie was a stanch Quaker. - Hut. DU. Presbyterian Church, Allentown, hi/ Hie llec. George Swain. 1877, p. 11. 2 The author is indebted to J. O'lleir, ordnance sergeant U. S. A., in charge of post Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, for the following inter- esting item : Molly Pitcher, the daughter of John Ilauna, of AUeutowu, THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 29 as the service of the militia could be dispensed with they were permitted to return to their homes to gather the crops. With willing hands and gladdened hearts could they work irf the fields they had so materially assisted in driving the ])lundering foe from. In the general orders issued the day after the battle, Wash- ington says, "Gen. Dickinson and the militia of this State are also thanked for their nobleness in opposing the enemy in their march from Philadelphia, and for the aid which they have given in harassing and im- peding their advance." That the county suffered from straggling soldiers and camp followers of the British army is evident from the following advertisements, taken from issues of the New Jersey Gazette after the battle : "The public are requested to be cautious about purchasing or re- ceiving Bank notes or Tickets from strangers, disuffecttd or straggling persons, numbers having fell into the hands of the enemy in their pass- ing through this Slate. The managers of the United States Lotteries are requested not to pay any prizes ic." July 22, 1778. " Slohn. Kine silver Tea spoons from Captain Joseph CIudd house." Nothing can more plainly show the disturbed state of the community than the following item, taken from Hill's ''History of the Church in Burlington," page 318 : " In 1779 it is stated that there has been a total cessation of public worship in the provinces of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and almost every mission- ary driven out." When the British marchetJ to Monmouth, Col. Israel Shreve was stationed with his regiment, the Second New Jersey, Continental army, near Mount Holly. Moving on to the battle-field he skirmished with and harassed from cover the British to such an extent that, upon their passing near his residence in the neighborhood of Georgetown, they burned it with all the outbuildings and ripening grain. The following incident illustrates the insecurity of property and danger to life, even at a distance from the enemy's lines : A party of armed Tories, or "Pine Robbers," on the 15th of August, 1780, says the New Jersey Gazette, "came to the house of John Black, Jr., in Springfield, Burlington County, and robbed him of a considerable sum of hard money, also sundry wear- ing apparel. From Mr. Black's they proceeded to the house of Caleb Shreve, Esq., taking with them a cer- tain Mr. Lloyd as a guide, or to prevent his giving information to the neighborhood. They robbed Mr. Shreve of a small sum of hard and Continental and the wife of a cannoneer named John Maban, who obtained her sobriquet from her carrying water to the soldiers of her husband's bat- tery during battle, lies buried in the old cemetery at Carlisle. The fol- lowing is the inscription upon the tablet erected over Ler grave: " MoUie M'Cawley, Benovvned in History as Mollie Pitcher, The Heroine of 3Ionmonth, Died Jannary, 1833, Aged 79 years. Erected by the citizens of Cumberlanl County, July 4th, 1876. money, but did not take anything else. From Mr. Shreve's they went to the house of Mr. Cleayton Newbold, whom they robbed of a small quantity of plate, a gold watch, and money. From Mr. Cleayton Newbold's they passed to the house of Mr. William Newbold, when observing a number of people about the house, they feigned themselves to be Whigs and in quest of horse-thieves, and did not attempt to rob." Col. William Shreve, of the First Regiment, Burling- ton State Troops, who resided near Recklesstown, aroused the inhabitants and pursued them to the Pines, where, at Borden's Run, they were brought to skirmish, wounding two and capturing one, besides several firelocks and most of the plunder. An account of a skirmish with the noted outlaw, " Captain" John Bacon, at Cedar Creek bridge, Dec. 27, 1782, was published in the New Jersey Gazette of Jan. 8, 1783, and being considered authentic has been copied extensively into historical works. We prefer, however, giving the official account, never before published. In reporting this action to Governor Livingston, Col. Israel Shreve, dating his letter at "Mansfield, Dec. 28, 1782," says, "This evening a party of horse and foot returned from the Sea Shore after several days search after Bacon and his party. Our party consisted of 6 horsemen and 20 foot. Not falling in with him where they expected, the party returned by way of Cedar Creek Bridge in Monmouth County. While refreshing at a tavern near that place, Bacon and his party appeared at the Bridge. Our people attempted to force the Bridge. None but Lieut. Benj. Shreve got over, the second horse being killed on the bridge." In a postscript Benjamin Shreve is referred to as " Capt. Shreve," and Capt. Thomas is also mentioned, but Capt. Richard Shreve's name does not occur. In a letter to the author, S. H. Shreve, Esq., who furnished the above says, " I think that Benj. Shreve and not Richard Shreve com- manded at Cedar Bridge. Richard Shreve was I know at first captain of the Troop, but I do not think he was at Cedar Bridge. I remember hearing my grandfather Benjamin speak of the fight. When the charge was made, he did not notice that he was not supported by his men until he was in the midst of the Refugees, when he saw his only chance of es- cape was by boldly pushing through their line, which he did, and though pursued and frequently fired at, he evaded them, owing to the fleetness of the spirited horse which he rode. His horse was slightly wounded by buckshot, and he was obliged to make a long de- tour through the Pines to rejoin his company." Young William Cook, Jr., of Cook's Mill, now Cookstown, was killed in the attack, and Robert Reckless, of Recklesstown, a youth of nineteen, fell mortally wounded. Ichabod Johnson (for whom a reward of twenty-five pounds had been ofl^ered) was killed. Bacon, for whom a reward of fifty pounds had been offered, was surprised and killed on the evening of April 3, 1783, near West Creek, Burling- 30 IIISTORY OF BURLINGTON c6uNTY, NEW JERSEY. ton Countv, by a party commanded by Capt. Jobn Stewart, of Arneytowu. In April, 1777, Lewis Bastedo, an active Whig, was riding along the Ellisdale road close to where that village now stands. When near the lane of Alexander Howard he discovered two armed men lurking in some laurel-bushes. Recognizing them as enemies who intended to ambush him, he fired and instantly killed Nicholas Williams, a noted Tory, and jumping from his horse rushed upon Thomas Fowler and disarmed and captured him. Li August, 1782, Maj. Thomas Fennimore, collector i of Burlington Countv, was attacked and robbed of considerable public money by refugees from Egg \ Harbor. Capt. Douglass went in pursuit of the rob- bers, and attacking killed fourteen of them before they could get to their boats. From the records of the Chesterfield Monthly Meet- ing, Crosswicks, we extract the following: "1 mo. 4tli, 1770. John Dpcow produced a pnper condeming his being guilty uf bearing of arm-s in a military manner which was read 1 and received. " The Preparative Meeting at Bordentown informs that Jas. Lawrie i son of Thos. L iwiie liae entered into Mllitiiry services by taking a Cap- tains Coniniis^ion and enlisting of men for the purpose of bearing arms. Joshua Furman and .'^taoy Potts are appointed to visit him and inform | liim thereof as they find their minds engaged and report to next meet- ing. " 3 mo. 7th, 177G. Stacy Potts reports he visited Jai. Lawrie, Junr. agreeable to appointment and he justified his c^mduct in acting in Mili- tary services, therefore for tlie clearing of Trutli and friends we disown liim from being ii member of our religions Society untill he comes to a sense of his errors manifesting the same in Life & conversation and condemns it as our Discipline directs and further the friend reports tliat lie informed him it was likely he would be removed out of the parts, and wc should not have an opportunity to inform him of the further procecilings of the meeting therefore he now notised him of his right of apjieal and he reply'd he should not appeal. "The Preparative Meeting of Mansfield informs that Joseph Pan- const, Jnnr. is guilty of acting in Military services and justifies himself therein. "u mo. 2 177G. Chesterfield Preparative Meeting informs William Lewis and William Montgomery have been concerned iu l>earing arms in a Military way &c. " Anlh. S.\kes informs this meeting that William Shreve and Barzilla Kewbold have been concerned in Military services, &c. "C mo. Cth 177G. Upper Freehold preparative meeting, informs that Saml. Wright llartshorne halh been active in Military services and re- fuses to make satisfaction, &c. " Bordentown preparative nie<'ting informs thatWni. Dean and Sliad- loke Butler hath entered into military services and doth not condemn their conduct. "8 mo. 1st, 1770. The meeting Ilouse in Trenton belonging to friends having been used by the Coiiviiitiun or Congre.ss of this Prov- ince to meet in and also the Soldiers in passing through from Pennsyl- vania to Amboy and Woodbridge have been Quartered therein therefore this meeting ajipoints Isaiah Kobins, Amos Middleton, .lohn Bullock, Benj. Clark, and Benj. Linton to inspect into the case and see how far our ancient Testimony against wars hitU been maintained and b\i[>- ported and report to next Meeting. "9roo. 5thl77C. The Committee appointed to enquire into the use lately made of friends Meeting House at Trenton and how fur the Tes- timony of friends against war ha-s been supported now reported that they find the said Meeting House has been used by the Provincial Con- vention to sit in and also liy the Soldiers stationed or passing through Trenton as a Barrack, that in the first instance the key was delivered to those who desired it, in the second that friends submitted to its being taken to prevent the breaking of the Doors which was threatened, and the friends there remonstrated against such an use of their Meeting House as inconsistent with our Itcligious Principles against wars and Fightings this committee is of the judgment that the key should have been denied and not delivered altlio the consequonces might have been the Violation of the House as the Testimony of fiieiids would in the Judgment of this committee have been thereby more fully maintained which is submitted to the meeting by (the chmmittee nforfsnid) which being considered the Meeting recommends it tofriend-i in fiitnie to be very careful in the support of our Keligious right- and Priviliges ami to arrest and maintain them on all occa-ions with a decent firmness without fear of diinger therefiom remembering that sufferings is when they are permitted to come upon us in the discharge of a good con- science towards him whom we w Ish to serve preferable to fjivour and in- dulgence at the expence of our stabilitj- and growth in the Truth. "Chesterfield Pre Mee, informs that Gabriel Allen has been concerned in Military Services Ac. "3 mo. Gth, 1777: The Pre Mee of Upper Springfield reports that Caleb Shreve, John Wood, J.>hn Black, Josliua Shreve, Williiini Xew- bold, Jos. Ncwbold, John Middleton eiicc and good order of the community, and not resort to force except wliere the same shall become indispensably necessary. "I'ETER Tallman, Chairman. BoRDE.vi owx, Aug. 3rd, 1782." Charges of the above kind were very numerous during the Revolutionary war. "5tli mo. 4th, 1780. The following friends are appointed to collect the suffering of fi lends for our Religious Testimony against war and produce them to the Monthly Meeting when collected." This, if now in e.\io capt. militia. Ilarrison, Isaac, 1st lieut. Capt. Gifford's company, Third Battalion, Sec- ond Establishment. McMichael, 'Williain, 1st lieut. Capt. Ross' company. Third Battalion, Fir.-t Establishment, Feb. 7, 1776 ; deserted Aug. 14, 1770, from Fort Schuyler, New York; killed by the Indians, September, 1776. Norcross, WiDiani, eut^igu Capt. Bluonifield's company, Third Battalion, First Eslablislinient ; qr.mr. Capt. Bloomfield's company. Third Bat- talion, Fii-st Establishment, Feb. 10, 1776 ; 2d lieut. Capt. Mott's com- piuiy, Tliird Battalion, Second Establishment, Nov. 29, 177C ; Ist lieut. t'apl. Mott's conipanj', Third BatUilion, Second Establisbmeut ; re- tired Sept. 2U, 1780. NOX-COMMTSSIONED OfFICEBS. Bockliill, William, private Capt. Holmes' company, Fourth Battalion, Second Establishment; sergt Capt. Ilolmes' company, Fourth Bat- talion, Second Establishment; also private in militia. þWillson, Jolin, seigt. Capt. Brearley's company, Second Battalion, First Estaldi>hnieiit. AVright, George, sergt. " Lee's Legion," Continental Army. þNVright, Jclin, private " Lee's Legion," Continental Army ; corp. "Lee's Legion," Continental Army, Dec. 1, 1778; sergt. "Lee's Legion,'' July 10, 1780. Deacon, Aaron, corp. Capt. Dayton's company, Third Regiment. Kockhill, William, private Capt. Holmes' company. Fourth Battalion, Second Establishment ; trans. May 22, 1778, to " Nicholas" Regiment, Invalid Corjis," Continental Army ; corp. " Nicholas' Regiment, In- valid Corps," Continental Army, April 1, 1780; disch. June 11, 1783, disability. Pbivates. Allen, Richard, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, " Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Amey, David, Fiist Regiment. Biddle, Jacob, First Regiment. Biddle, Moses, Capt. Forman's company, First Regiment. Brown, James, " Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Brown, John Matruss, " Lamb's Artillei'j" (Second Regiment Artillery), Continental Army. Budd, Conklin, Third Battalion, First Establishment ; Capt. Patterson's company. Third Battalion, Second Establishment. men who received notes for depreciation of said currency, rarious kinds of vouchers, etc. The concciition of this work originated with Gen. Stryker in the course of the discliarge of the duties of his office. The magnitude of the labor and care recpiired is apparent at a glance to those familiar with Buch researches, and that it should have been undertaken after the lapse of nearly a century, w ith all its names, its dates, and records, shows an unbounded zeal and energy found only in the lover of such work. It is a noble monument to those patriots who achieved the liberties of the people and the independence of the country. The general in a letter to Governor Randolph reporting the comple- tion of hie labors, and which forms an introductory to his work, says, "Not asserting that it is complete or without an error, I do nflirm that no record ha< been made hastily or without what seemed to me to be well verified." 1 Lient. John Shreve, son of Col. Israel Shreve, was born near George- town, Burlington Co., April 8, 1762, He accompanied his father in the cxjiedltion to Canada in 1775, having entered the army when not four- teen years of ag'-. lie wiis presented by the ladies of Philadelphia with a pair of silver shoe buckles, sash, and e Died of wound received at the battle of Germantown, Philadelphio. 3 Wood, John, "Gloucester," Burlington. Woolston, Joseph, capt. Second Regiment. LlEUTEXANTB. Ashton, James, militia. Brown, Benjamin, lieut. company artillery. Giiskill, Samuel. Hair, George. Hammill, John. * Hendiickson, David, lieut. First Regiment. Matthews, John, lieut., Burlington; Lieut. Harrison's company, Hun- terdon. Montgomery, Alexander, lieut. Capt. Borden's troop light-horse, Oct. 6, 1777. Morris, George. First Lieutenants. Delalush, Henry, Capt. Pancoast's company, First Regiment, July 3, 1776. Dobbins, William, Capt. Weaver's company. Second Regiment, April 5, 1776. Seconb Lieutenant. Howell, Henry, Capt. Weaver's company. Second Regiment, April 15, 1777. ENsreNS. Parker, Abraham, Capt. Weaver's company, April 15, 1777. Weyman, Abel, ens., Burlington; ens. "Heard's Brigade," June 14,1776; also capt. Contiueotal Army. Cornets. Brown, John, Jr., cornet Capt. Richard Shreve's troop light-horse, Aug. 7, 1782. Cook, , Capt. Shreve's troop light-horse. Lawrence, Jacob, cornet Capt. Borden's troop light-horse. Oct. 6, 1777. Quartehmaster's Sergeant. Douglass, John, sergeant; quartermaster's sergeant Capt. Cooper's com- pany. State troops. Seboeakt. Turner, William, private Capt. Clevenger's company, First Regiment; sergeant Capt. Clevenger's company, First Regiment; sergeant State troops; also private Continental Army. Adams, Asa. Adams, Jeremiah. Adams, Joseph. Allen, Edward. Allen, John. Allen, Joseph. Allen, Peter. Privates. Anderson, Eli. Anderson, Enoch. Anderson, Samuel. Apiilegate, Andrew. Applegate, William. Arey, Abner. Atkinson, John. Atkinson, William, also Continental Army. Atley, John. Bailey, Samuel, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Barnes, John, also State troops. Barter, Robert. Bailing, James, also Continental Army, Bell, James, also State troops. Bennett, William. Blair, Robert. Blaucy, Robert, also Continental Army. Bodine, John. Bound, Philip, Boger, Samuel. Bowing, Edward. Bonia, William. Bowman, Coleman, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Browman, Joseph. Brown, Henry, also Continental Army. Brown, John. Brown, William, also State troops. Brown, Zebulon, also Continental Army. Bryant, John. Budd, William. Bunting, Abel, also Continental Army. Bush, John, also State troops. Buskhart, John. Carroll, Jeremiah, First Regiment; also State troopp; also Continental Army. Carson, Robert. Casey, Adam, also State troops. 34 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Cavaleer, DaviJ. Chamliers, Zebulon. Caveleer, John. CbildB, John. Clark, Micliad, also Coctinental Armj'. Clutch, Juhu. Coleman, William. Colling, John, also Continental Army. Cook, Ezra. Cook, Thomas. Cook, Joel. Cook, William. Cook, William, Jr., Capt. Thomas' troop light dragoons; killed by refugees near Cedar Creek bridge. Pec. 27, 1782; resided at Cook's Mills, now Cookstown, Bnrlingtou County. Cooper, Jacob. Caiey, Peter, Second Kegt.; also State troops; also Continental Army. Cowgill. John, also Stale troops. Cox, Jonathan. Cox, Joseph. Craft, Bobert, also State troops. Crammer, David. Crammer, Seymour. Craninif r, Isaac. Crealy, Hugh, also Continental Army. Cuniberford, JiiDies. Curtis, Thomas. ('ummiiigs, Iticliarxl. Daston, James, also Continental Army. Davis, Andrew. Dayton, Ive. Deacon, George, Second Begiment; also Slate troops. De Con, Jolin. Doran, Stacy De Hart, Henry. Drake, Nicholas. Ebcihart, Adolph, also Continental Army. Edwards, Je'arroer, George, also Continental Army. Fenimore, James. Foid, Stephen. I'enlou, Sariiuel. Ford, William. Flock, John. Fort, John. Foster, John, also Continental Army. Foster, Jonathan, also Continental Aimy. Foster, Samuel, First Begiment; also State troops; also Continental Ai>n>. Fo.x. I'atrick, also Continental Army. Fox, Daniel, First Begiment; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Frederick, John. Gale, Abel. Gaines, Elislia. Gale, Joseph. Gallalier, John, also Continental Army. Gamble, Samuel. Gaskill, Caleb. Garon, I'riah. Gaskill, William, also Continental Army. Gibbs, Martin. Gilbert, Thomas. Gibbs, Tlumias. Grant, John, abo Continental Army. Grant, TlioBons, abo Stale troops. Grant, A\ illiam. Greeres, Bobert. Guy, John, Second Regiment; also State troops. Hailey, William, also State troops. Haines, Aarun L. Haines, Thomas, also Continental Army. Hannah, Robert, Second Regiment; a so State troops. Harder, William, also Slate troops. Hays, John. Hays, William. Head, Francis. Uei:!ling, Milliam, also Continental Army. Henry, John, aleo Continental Army. He< lings, Jo8ei)h. Hines, Dennis, also Continental Army. Hudson, William. Hum))hrie8, Joseiih, also Continental Army. Huston, Bol>ert. Hutchinson, Thomas. Hutchinson, John. Jobs, William, also State troojis. Johnson, John, also sergeant Continental Army. Johnson, Thomas, also Continentul Army. Johnston, Jonathan. Johnston, William. Johnston, Joseph. Jones, Richard, First Begiment; wounded in both legs, near Bordeu- town, May 8, 1777. Keen, Edward, First Begiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Kelly, David. Land, John. Kirley, Jacob. Lanning, James. Lamb, Jacob. Lawyer, James, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental .\rmy. Longstreet, John. Lovelace, Lott, also CoDtiuenlal Army. Loveland, Charles. Matthews, Ely. Loveland, Samuel. Mattifon, Aaron, First Begiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. McCann, John, First Jlegiment ; also State troops; ako Continental Army. McCormick, Dennis, also Continental Army. McDaniel, Cornelius, Second Begiment ; also State troops. Merritt, Abram. Merritt, Caleb. Merritt, Levi, also State troops; also Continental Army. Middlelon, Joel. Middleton, John. Middleton, Thomas, Second Regiment; also State troops. Miles, George, also Continental Armj'. Miller, George. Mott, John. Morgan, Cornelius. Murdock, James. Murdry, James, Second Begiment; also State troojis. Nelson, Alexander. Newell, Theodore. Newton, Silas, also Continental Army. Norcross, John. Nugent, Bichard, also Continental Army. O'Flaherty, John, First Begiment; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Page, Thomas. Pearson, Joseph. Parker, Josejih. Phagous, James. Patrick, John. Phares, Bobert. Patterson, Jonathan. Pliares, Bobert. Pearson, John. Porter, Joseph. Potter, Thomas, also Continental Army. Price, Edward, also Continental Army. Piice, Ralph, Burlington. Prymon, Samuel. Psandler, Jo?hua, also Continental Army. Quigley, David, also Continental Army. Quigley, John. Quigley, William. Quigley, Moses. Baberger, John, also Continental Army. Randolph, Daniel. Raverty, John, also Continental Army. Reckless, Bobert, mortally wounded at Cedar Creek bridge, Dec. 27, 17>2; of Becklesstowu, Burlington Co. Beed, Peter. Reeves, John, also Continental officer. Richardson, Jacob. Richardson, John. Roads, William. Richardson, William. Bossell, Andrew. Salter, John, Sr., Capt. Shreve's troop light-horse; wounded at Cedar Creek bridge Dec. 27, 1782. Salter, John, Jr. Sawlex, Caleb, also State troops. Schooley, Asa. Schooley, John, 1st Regt. ; also State troops; also Continental Army. Seeley, John, 2d Regt.; also State troops; also Continental Army. Showers, Jo>eph, also Continental Army. Shreve, Culeb.> Slneve, John. Shroud, Stephen. Shreve, Joshua. Simmons, Stejihen. Shreve, William. Skinner, Richard. Smick, John, also Continental Army. Smith, Benjaniip, also State troops. Smith, Charles. Smith, John, also Continental Army. Smith, Samuel. Smith, Thomas. Smith, William. St. Clair, George, Ist Regt.; also State troops; also Continental Army, Steward, John. Stoddard, William. Sutton, Joseph. Sutton, Bobert,2 capt. Carlisle's company, Ist Regt.; killed May 8, 1770. 1 Shot a British officer at the skirmish at Crosswicks. ' At Bordcntown. WAR FOR THE UNION. 35 Sweeney, Timotliy, Ist Regt. ; also State troops ; also CoutiDental Army. Taylor, Jacob. Taylor, John. Taylor, John A., also CoDtinenta] Army. Taylor, Thomas. Tharp, Oliver. Thomas, Jolm, also Corp. Continental Army. Thomas, Martin. Thomas, Thomas. Thompson, Amos, Ist Kegt. ; also State troops; also Clontiuental Army. Thompson, Hambleton. Tice, William. Tilton, Abram. Trout, Jacob, Ist Regt.; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Trout, William. Tustin, Jonathan, 1st Regt.; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Tyler, James. Van S'jvor, Daniel. Van Sciver, Abram. Van Stiver, John. Van Sciver, Barnabas. Van Sciver, Walter. Voorheese, Henry, also Continental Army. Watkins, Thomas, also Continental Army. Watson, John. Watson, William. Weatherby, William. Weblinger, Jacob, also Continental Army. Woeden, James. Wilgus, William. Weeks, Richard. AVilliams, John, also Continental Army. Wilson, John, also Continental Army. Wooley, Samuel. Wright, Edward. Wright, James, also Continental Army. Wright, Thomas, also Continental Army. Yeates, Robert, Burlington. QUAETEBH ASTERS. Borden, Joseph. Hoagland, Oaky. Borden, Joseph, Jr. Oliver, John. UlSCELIJlNEOUS. Fenimore, Benjamin, commissary of issue. Lowrey, Stephen, commissary of issue. Gamble, James, assistant commissary of issue. Curtis, Marmaduke, issuing forage master. The War of 1812-14.- The successes of this war were mainly achieved by the navy on the ocean and the lakes. On land but two triumphs occurred of any considerable importance, - Plattsburgh and New Or- leans. Our nation was weak, our resources were limited. England, powerful and insolent, had never fully recognized our independence. Every feeling of honor and manhood demanded our resentment of continued insults and wrongs, and although Ave had many humiliations inflicted upon us, not the least of which was the capture of our capital by the British and the burning of our national records, no more gallant spirits ever breathed than the heroes of our victories, and no more heroic acts were ever per- formed on water or laud than occurred during that war. During the war the militia were not without ser- vice in the field, while in the volunteers and in the navy the county was honorably represented. The drawing from the State whatever records it possessed to sujjply in part the place of those destroyed by the British at Washington has rendered an accurate ac- count of the movements of the militia impossible to obtain. Maj. Read's battalion was stationed at Billingsport, on the Delaware, and was ki service from September 19th to Dec. 22, 1814. It ajjpears to have had two majors, but was called after Read. The field and staff were Maj. Samuel J. Read, Maj. John Larzelere, Lieut, and Adjutant William Goldy, Lieut, and Quartermaster William Hancock, Surgeon's Mate Charles F. Lott. The company officers were : Capt. Samuel Jones, Lieut. William Goldy, Ensign Joseph Foster. Capt. Joseph Townsend,' Lieut. John Miles, En- sign Benjamin Yard, Orderly Sergt. Langhorn Thorn. Capt. Joseph Hartshorne, Lieut. William Gamble, Ensign Stephen Cramer. Capt. John Selah, Lieut. Isaac Jones, Ensign John P. Garwood. Capt. Isaac Kelly, Lieut. Jonathan Schooley, En- sign William S. Carter. W^e were unable to obtain a copy of the muster- rolls of this battalion, as the War Department, for obvious reasons, has requested the adjutant-general State of New Jersey not to furnish complete rolls to any one while applications fpr pension for that ser- vice are pending before the United States Pension Office. This bar will probably not be removed for several years. War with Mexico. - During the war with Mexico a New Jersey battalion entered the service of the United States, in which there were a number of vol- unteers from Burlington County, but there was no company raised in the county. This battalion, com- manded by Col. W^oodruff, performed good service, and participated with honor in Scott's victories from Vera Cruz to the capture of the capital of our sister republic. CHAPTER VII L WAR FOR THE UNION. In the war for the Union, 1861-65, the people of Burlington County responded to the call of tlieir country with patriotism and ardor. Upon the fall of Sumter they realized that war was upon them, and the republic endangered, and with one spirit they prepared for the struggle. In New Jersey there was no regiment raised ex- clusively in any one county,' but there were regiments 1 This company was from Bordentown. Lieut. Miles was subse- quently elected major of the battalion. * William S. Sirykcr, adjutant-general of Kew Jersey, in a recent let- ter to the author, says, "It is impossible to give you a list of the rej;!- ments and companies in the civil war raised exclusively in Bmliiigtou County. I could name certain companies of the nine months' regi- ments iTwenty-first to Thirty-first) raised principally in that county, but if you were to take their names and records as they stand in my book,* you are just as likely to insert men of Essex or Bergen. I have seen that thing tried in other county historlo.s, and to me it is a burlesque. If you titke up any company of the First or Second Brigade (First to Eleventh Regiment), although the company may have been organized in a certain county, it started out with rccniils from other ronuties, and before the three years' service was over more tliau one-half came from * Record of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Civil War, 1SG1 to 18G5. Offici*!. William 8. Strykcr, Adjutant-General. Two Vols. Qua;to, pp. 1034. Trenton, N. J., Juhu V. Murphy. 36 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. that contained a large number of Burlington County men, and of these we shall give a brief sketch, as also of some of the officers from the county. We do not claim that the list of officers is perfect, but as nearly 80 as diligent search and inquiry could make it. The First Regiment of Infantry contained not more than a dozen men from Burlington County. Its colonel, William it. Montgomery, and quartermaster, Samuel Read, were of the county. In the Second Regiment of Infantry there were few if any men of this county, and Assistant Surgeon Eugen Schumo was the only officer from Burlington County we know of. The Third Infantry contained many officers and men from the county. It was organized under the call of May 4, 1861, was fully equipped and officered by the 18th, and mustered into the United States service for three years at Camp Olden, Trenton, by Capt. Torbert, U.S.A., June 4th, - exactly one month from the date of the call. It numbered one thousand and fifty-one officers and men, was commanded by Col. George W. Taylor, and with the First, Second, and subsequently Fourth Regiments constituted the First Brigade New Jersey Volunteers, which was first at- tached to Gen. Runyon's division of militia. This brigade was afterwards Kearney's First Brigade, Franklin's division ; afterwards the First Brigade, First Division, First Army Corps; then First Brigade, First Division, Sixth Army Corps, and at the close of the war was assigned to the " Provisional Corps," and always served with the Army of the Potomac. The Third, with the First and Second, were uni- formed, clothed, equipped, and furnished with camp and garrison equipage by the State, and were supplied with arms by the general government. The brigade left Trenton on the 28th of June, and reported to Gen. Scott, at Washington, on the following day. Preparation at this time was being made for the advance of our army to Manassas Junction, and the Third entered almost immediately upon the active duties of the field. It formed part of the reserve at the battle of Bull Run, and aided materially in ar- resting the retreat of our forces on that disastrous day. Immediately after it went into camp near Alex- andria, where it lay until March 7, 1862, when with the brigade it moved under Kearney to Burk's Station, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, where Kear- ney received information from some negroes that the enemy was leaving Manassas. Apprising Franklin, but without awaiting orders, he pushed on with his troops, and on the morning of the 10th entered the works at Manassas Junction, eight companies of the Third being the first to take possession and plant the regimental flag. On the 7th of April they advanced to Bristoe Station, thence to Catlett's Station, to attract the attention of the enemy while the army embarked other sections of the State. What are you then to do? To be really nccunite you must examine eighty thousand ciedits, and you know what u taak that will be." . . . for the Peninsula. On the 11th it returned to Alex- andria, and on the 17th sailed for York River, Land- ing at West Point, May 6, 1862, the next day the rebels were defeated. On the 15th it joined McClel- lan's army near White House, whence it advanced to theChickahominy. The fighting about Richmond had commenced, and on the 26th of June the Seven Days' battle opened. The next day the battle of Gaines' Mill was fought. Col. Taylor having been promoted brigadier-general of volunteers May 9th, and being in command of the First Brigade, the command of the Third devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Henry W. Brown, who led it into the woods, where it maintained its position until the close of the action, many of the men having fired their last cartridge. The loss of the Third was thirty-four killed, one hundred and thirty- six wounded, and forty-five missing. That night our forces crossed the Chickahominy, and McClellan in- stead of resolutely marching upon Richmond, com- menced his " flank movement" for the James River, the Third pausing to share in the battle of Malvern Hill, where the enemy were utterly defeated and de- moralized. The grand Army of the Potomac, led by a general deficient in moral courage, as resolute and brave as any army that ever trod this planet, victo- rious but baulked, its dead abandoned, stores burned, camp equipage destroyed, and wounded left to die, sullen and exasperated, found refuge at Harrison's Landing. The army having been withdrawn from the Landing, the brigade debarked at Alexandria August 24th, and on the 27th moved by rail to beyond Bull Run bridge, where a severe engagement took place, and Gen. Taylor was killed. Returning to Alexan- dria, the brigade again advanced. Col. Torbert in com- mand, towards Bull Run (second) battle-field, where Pope had fought on the 28th, 29th, and 30th. Tiie Third participated in the conflict at Chantilly, where the gallant Kearney fell. Passing into Maryland, it routed Cobb's brigade at Crampton's Pass, and par- ticipated in the battle of Antietam. The Third sub- sequently distinguished itself at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Salem Heights, Gettysburg, Fair- field, Williamsport, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North and South Anna River, Hanover Court-House, Tolopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, and before Petersburg. Gen. Hunter having left the Shenandoah Valley open, Lee pushed a column into Maryland that threatened Washington and Baltimore. Early in July, 1864, the Third, with the' Sixth Corps, to which its brigade was attached, by water proceeded to Washington. In this campaign it took part in the battles of Snicker's Gap, Strasburg, Winchester, Charlestown, Opequan, Fisher's Hill, Newmarket, Mount Jackson, Cedar Creek, and Middletown. On the 1st of December, 1865, it rejoined the Army of the Potomac, and settled down in front of I'eters- burg. But there was not much rest under Grant, and the Third valiantly fought in the battles of Hatcher's WAR FOR THE UNION. 37 Run, Fort Steedman, capture of Petersburg, Sailors' Creek, Farraville, and Appomattox.^ On June 3, 186-4, the tliree years' term of service having expired, what. men who did not re-enlist re- turned home, reaching Trenton on the 7th, where they were mustered out June 23d. The total strength of the Third was 1275, of whom 10 officers and 203 men were killed or died ; 7 officers and 376 men were discharged on account of disa- bility ; 3 men were not accounted for; and 46 officers and 38 men were promoted. The following officers of this regiment belonged to Burlington County : Maj. William E. Bryan, capt. Co. H. Capt. Franklin L. Knight, 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. ; capt. Co. B; subsequently lieut.-col. Twenty-fourth Regiment. Capt. Joseph F. Rowand, Co. C; resigned Jan. 20, 1862. Capt. Ridgway S. Poinsett, 1st lieut. Co. A ; capt, Co. H. First Lieut. Griffith W. Carr, 2d lieut. Co. I; 1st lieut. Co. B; discharged, July 27, 1863, on account of wounds received in action ; commissioned capt. Co. K, Twenty-third Regiment ; not mustered. First Lieut. E. Burd Grubb, 2d lieut. Co. C; 1st lieut. Co. D ; maj. Twenty-third Regiment, Nov. 24, 18G2; subsequently col. Twenty-third and col. Thirty- seventh Regiments; and brvt. brig. -gen. U. S.V. First Lieut. Thomas K. Ekings, 2d lieut. Co. A; 1st lieut. Co. H; killed Nov. 25, 1864, while attempt- ing to escape from the rebel prison at Columbus, S. C. First Lieut. William W. Miller, sergt.-maj. ; 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. Co. I. The Fourth Regiment Infantry had quite a num- ber of officers and men from Burlington County in it. It was organized under the second call of the Presi- dent, dated July 24, 1861, was equipped and officered by the 19th of August, on which day it was mustered into the United States service at Camp Olden, Tren- ton, by Capts. Torbert and McKibben, U.S.A. It numbered nine hundred and nine officers and men, and was commanded by Col. James H. Simpson. It left Trenton August 20th, and arrived in Washington the next day. It was assigned to the First Brigade, Gen. Kearney. The Fourth marched with, and par- ticipated in, the battles of the Third, and their his- tory is almost identical up to the battle of Gaines' Mill. In this battle Porter and McCall, whose troops numbered but twenty-seven thousand men, were in death's grip with the main rebel army under Lee, while McClellan, on the Richmond side of the Chick- ahominy, was deceived by the vigorous fusilade of Magruder's small force. The belt of timber in which the battle was fought was about a mile in length and 1 The history of the regiments is taken mostly from " New Jersey and the Eebellion," by John Y. Foster, and Adjt.-Gen. Stryker's " IlecorU of the Civil War." two hundred yards wide, with open ground in front and rear. The First Brigade was sent in, the Third and Fourth regiments forming the first line. The enemy rushed in line after line of troops, who, deliv- ering their fire, ]aj down, that those behind them could have range, the sound of musketry resembling one long loud explosion of artillery, - so strikingly unusual that it attracted the attention of many of the combatants. When the Fourth entered the wood it was immediately involved in fighting of the most desperate character. By its side stood the Eleventh Pennsylvania Reserve. After incessant firing of three hours, with their muskets heated and ammu- nition nearly gone, these noble regiments found that the right and left flanks of our army had been driven off the field and that they were entirely surrounded. A small remnant of them were the last Union troops to leave the field, but over five hundred of the Fourth, with its dead and wounded, fell into the hands of the enemy. This was a hard but a glorious blow for the Fourth. At Bull Run (second) it could parade but seventy-five muskets. The prisoners were taken to Richmond and placed in Libby and Belle Island loatlisome prisons, were ex- changed, and returned to the regiment at Harrison's Landing, Va., in the latter part of July, 1862. The Fourth continued with the brigade in all its battles, and to write its history would be but a repetition of that of the Third Regiment. In August, 1862, Col. Simpson, a major of topographical engineers, was re- called to the regular army, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. William B. Hatch, a gallant officer, who was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg. The total strength of the regiment was 2036, of whom 257 were killed or died in the service, 319 were dis- charged on account of disability, 109 were not ac- counted for, and 47 enlisted men were promoted. The officers from Burlington County were: Adjt. Leander Brewin, corp. Co. I; com.-sergt. ; 1st lieut. Co. A ; adjutant. Capt. Josiah Shaw, sergt. Co. H; 2d lieut.; 1st lieut. ; capt. Co. A, Capt. John M. Crammer, corp.; sergt.; re-enl.; 1st lieut. Co. A ; capt. Co. A. Capt. Barzilla Ridgeway, 1st lieut. Co. D; capt. Co. D; lieut.-col. Capt. Howard King, 2d lieut. Co. I ; 1st lieut. Co. H ; capt. Co. C. Capt. Caleb M. Wright, com.-sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. G ; capt. Co. C ; must, out Sept, 3, 1864, Capt. John L. Letchworth, corp. ; sergt. Co. I. ; re- enl. ; 1st lieut. Capt. Charles Hall, Co. E; disch. Sept. 9, 18G2, disability. Capt. William Nippins, Co, I; res. Jan. 4, 1863; capt. Co. D, 34th Inf. N. J. Vols.; died at Mount Holly, Nov. 25, 1865. Capt. John L. Ridgway, 1st lieut.; capt. ; died at Mount Holly, Nov. 7, 1864. 33 IIISTOKY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. 1st Lieut. George O. Brooks, 1st sergt. Co. E; 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. Co. C. 1st Lieut. Alonzo D. Nichols, corp. ; re-enl. ; sergt. Co. G; 1st lieut. Co. B. 2(1 Lieut. James H. Berwin, 1st sergt. ; re-enl. ; Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. B. 2d Lieut. Benjamin F. Stidfole, sergt. -maj. ; 2d lieut. Co. D. 2d Lieut. Samuel E. Taylor, 1st sergt. Co. G; 2d lieut. Co. E. 2d Lieut. Samuel D. Cross, corp. ; sergt. ; Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. K ; died May 14, 1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va., May 12, 1864. 2d Lieut. Clayton S. Hollingshead; re-enl. ; sergt. ; 1st sergt. Co. E; 2d lieut. Co. K. In the Fifth Regiment Infantry there was a sprink- ling of Burlington County men, who were mostly in Company I. The regiment was raised underthe second call of the President, July 24, 1861 ; was organized, equipped, and officered August 22d, at which time it was mustered into the service for three years at Camp Olden, by Capt. Tdrbert, U.S.A. It numbered eight hundred and sixty-one officers and men, and was com- manded by Col. Samuel H. Starr, captain Second United States Cavalry, who was of the county. It left Trenton August 29th, and upon arrival at Wash- ington went into camp at Meridian Hill, D. C, and there remained until the early part of December, 1861, at which time, in connection with the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Regiments, it was ordered to report, under command of Col. Starr, the senior of- ficer, to Gen. Joseph Hooker, U.S.V., near Budd's Ferry, Md.. where they were brigaded and known as the Third Brigade, Hooker's division; afterwards to the Third Brigade, Second Division, Third Corps; then to the First Brigade, Fourth Division, Second Corps ; then to the Third Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps. It, however, was generally known as the Second Brigade New Jersey Volunteers. In April the Fifth moved to the Peninsula, the brigade under the command of Brig.-Gen. F. E. Patterson. It participated in the following battles on the Penin- sula, viz. : Siege of Yorktown, Williamsport, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. At Fair Oaks Col. Starr was wounded. May 7, 1862, Lieut.-Col. Mott was promoted colonel of the Sixth Regiment. Upon the withdrawal of our army from Harrison's Landing, the Fifth marched down the Peninsula to Yorktcjwn, and embarked for Alexandria, from whence it proceeded by rail to War- rentou Junction, July 25th, and joined the army un- der Gen. Pope. During this campaign it fought with determined bravery in the battles of Bristoe Station, Bull Run (second), and Chantilly. Going into camp at Alexandria, the brigade remained undisturbed until November 1st. Lee having been driven out of Mary- land, on that day it proceeded to Bristoe Station, where it arrived on the 4th. In a few davs it moved to Manassas Junction, marching in a snow-storm, and suffering severely. Soon after it marched to Freder- icksburg under Burnside, and Gen. Patterson, the brigade commander, a brave and esteemed officer, while laboring under a sudden fit of Jnsanity fell by his own hands. He was succeeded by Brig.-Gen. Mott. Under Hooker it fought at Cliancellorsville, where it particularly distinguished itself. On Oct. 13, 1862, Col. Starr, a gallant officer, was recalled to the regular army, and Lieut.-Col. William J. Sew- ell' was promoted colonel on the 21st of that month. The invasion of Pennsylvania by the enemy followed soon after Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg on the 2d and 3d of July, 1863, the Fifth passed through the storm of battle with undaunted bravery. Follow- ing Lee, under Meade, it fought at Wapping Heights, McLean's Ford, Mine Run, and under Grant at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Tolopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, before Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Mine Explosion, Fort Sedgwick, Pop- lar Church, Boydtowu Plank-Road, and Fort Mor- ton. In August, 1862, Company A was disbanded, and the officers and men were assigned by transfer to different companies in the regiment, and a new Com- pany A was raised and sent to the regiment about Oct. 1, 1862. In June, 1863, a number of the men re-en- listed in the field for three years. Those who did not re-enlist upon the expiration of their term of service were sent to Trenton, and were mustered out Sept. 7, 1864. During the months of August and Sei)tember, 1864, a large number of substitutes were forwarded to and joined the regiment. These men, with those who had re-enlisted and with those whose term of service had not expired, were assigned to what was known as Companies A, B, C, and D, Fifth Battalion, and con- tinued their organization until Nov. 6, 1864, at which time they were transferred to and consolidated with the Seventh Regiment. The total strength of the regiment was 1772, of which 214 were killed or died, 396 were discharged for disability, 77 were not accounted for, and 40 enlisted men were promoted. The following officers were from Burlington County : Col. Samued H. Starr, capt. 2d U. S. Cav. ; recalled to regular army Oct. 13, 1862. Lieut.-Col. Gershom Mott, pro. col. 6th Regt. N. J. Vols. May 7, 1862; to brig.-gen. U. S. V. Sept. 7, 1862; brevet maj. -gen. Aug. 1, 1864; maj. -gen. May 26, 1865; resigned Feb. 20, 1866. Commands, 3d Brigade (2d N. J. Brigade), 2d Division, 3d Corps; 2d Division, 3d Corps, Army of the Potomac. Surg. James C. Fisher, pro. surg. U. S. Vols. April 4, 1862 ; appointed surg. 2d Brigade N.J. Vols., April 21, 1862. Chaplain Thomas Sovereign. Capt. Guy Bryan, capt. Co. I ; trans, to Co. K. ' Now a Senator of the United States from New Jersey. ^^\%^^.^ QyU^cr.^^ Cy^t. copied by Jasper Dankers, 1679. Probably from one made by an English surveyor during the year preceding. Fmm "Journal of a Voyage, n Iti79-S0." Oopitd by the Hon. Edwin Salter, WathingUin, ?>. C. of the Delaware River from Burlington to Trenton. Engraved expressly for this work. THE COLONIAL POST-OFFICES OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 57 carried passengers for the " Citizens' Line." The engine of this boat was subsequently placed in the "Old Lehigh." Passengers by this line landed at Bordentown, and thence took coaches to Washington, N. J., whence they were conveyed to New York on the steamer " ^tna," Capt. Robinson. The " ^Ecna" exploded her boiler in New York harbor in ]May, 1824, having on board the Philadelphia passengers, and several lives were lost. Her place was supplied by one named " New York." The Union Line then built the "New Philadel- phia," to compete with the " New York," of the Citi- zens' Line, and then the "Trenton" came out to run against the "Pennsylvania," of the Citizens' Line. This line then built a new boat and named it the "Philadelphia," to beat the "Trenton." There was a wonderful competition among these lines for several years, when Capt. Whilldin and Cornelius Vanderbilt started an opposition to them all. This was called the Dispatch Line, and the fare at one time was re- duced to one dollar. The boat on this end was named the " Emerald." The Dispatch Line was soon dis- posed of, and the Union and Citizens' with some of the others afterwards became merged in the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company. The next boat was the " John Stevens," built at Hoboken in 1846, and destroyed by fire at White Hill on the night of the 16th of July, 1855. She was rebuilt at Bordentown, and launched at 5.25 a.m. on the 9th of August, 1865. The next boat on the river was the "Richard Stockton," now running between South Amboy and New York. The following advertisement, copied from a Phila- delphia paper, we find in Mr. Wood's journal : " For Kew YoiJ: at C o'clock AM. Citizens'' Line for l\'ew York. "April antli, 1829. " The now.anJ splendid steamlioat ' Pliilade)pliia,'CHpt. Z. W. Kelluin, will leave Aicli street wharf every djiy (Sunday exiejited) nt C o'clock A.M. for Burlington, Biistol, While Hill, and Bordentown. Passengers for New York take Coach at Bordontown, 24 miles to Washington. There take snperior steamboat ' Kew York,' Capt. G. Jenkins, and arrive in New Yoik by C o'clock the same afternoon. "Fare through 4 00. " Passengers take coach at Bristol. " N. B. For SP.Tts apply at steamboat office. No. 8 Arch street, corner of Front, or of the Captain on board of the Boat at Arch street Wharf, PhiJada." The following are the names of the steamboats that, ran between Bordentown and Pliiladelphia and 'J'ren- ton and Philadelphia from 1810 to 1876: The Phoenix, 1810. " New Jersey, 1812. " Eagle, 1813. * " New Philadelphia, 1815. " ^tna, 1824. " Albemarl, 1824. " Trenton, 1825. " Burlington, 1826. " Pennsylvania, 1826. " Franklin, 1830. The Emerald, 1830. " Marco Botzario, 1830. " Swan, 1831. " Congress, 1832. " John StevenSj . " Edwin Forrest, 1845. " Richard Stockton, . " Hornet, . " Nelly White, 1876. " Pope Catlin, 1876. These are all the steamboats that have run up the Delaware to my recollection. JoHX Wood, Sr. 1848. A steamboat exploded on the Delaware and Raritan Canal, about the fir.-^t lock, near Bordentown. 1859. The steamboat " New Jersey" burnt. 1859, April 30. The steamboat " Bordentown" left the railroad wharf for New York. 1864, July 11th. The steamboat "John Potter" burnt. 1869. The old "Burlington" rebuilt, and on the 24th of March passed the shops on her first trip as a tow-boat. The Colonial Post.- About the year 1694, Col. John Hamilton, son of Governor Andrew Hamilton, devised a scheme by which the post-office was estab- lished. He obtained a patent for it, and afterwards sold his right to the crown. The mails were carried on horseback, and it is probable some attempt was made at regularity, and although the speed was somewhat increased, but little regard was paid to it. In 1704, in the month of May, a New York paper says, " The last storm put our Pennsylvania post a week behind, and it is not yet com'd in." In 1720 the post set out from Philadelphia every Friday, left letters at Bur- lington and Perth Amboy, and arrived at New York on Sunday night. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin was appointed superintendent of the colonial post-office. System and punctuality was introduced and the ser- vice was much improved. In October of that year notice was given that until Christmas the post would leave the two cities three times a week at eight o'cloclc A.M., and arrive the next day about five o'clock p.m. After Christmas, " being frequently delayed in cross- ing New York Bay," it would leave only twice a week. In 1764, "if weather permitted," the mails were to leave every alternate day, and go through in less than twenty-four hours. This was continued until the Revolution put a stop to their regular transmission. In 1791 there were only six post-ofiices in New Jer- sey, viz. : Trenton, Princeton, New Brunswick, Bridge- town (Railway), Elizabethtown, and Newark. Post-Offices of Burlington County.'- The fol- 1 We are indebted to the Hon. Edwin Salter, of New Jersey, now resid- ing in Washington, for notes on the post-offices, he having personally searched the records of the department to obtain the information. His genealogical and historical arlicles, which have appeared in various new spapers of the State for a series of years past, have rendered his name familiar to most Jersey men. 58 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. lowing is a complete list of all the post-offices that were ever established in the county : vlrn'i/^oirii.- EstBMisliod April 24, 1827 ; discontinued Feb. 8, 1871. John Darliy, the shoemaker and grave-digger of the village, was tho poslninster during the forty-four years of its existence. ./4/sirtn.- Oiiginally established in J.-iiniaiy, 1708. In 1815 it wasdiscon- tiriued. and an office established " near by" at Sooy's Inn, jwssilily Nicholas Sooy'!!, at or not far from Green Bank. Atsion was re- estilbli^hed June 13, 1832. Tiie nam.' war- changed June 4, 18C0, to Fruitlund, and, with better taste, back again to Atsiuu Aug.. 21, 1871. Basf 7^irr.- Established May 8, 1840. Nov. 6, 1841, the name was changed to Bass River Hotel, and Aug. G, 1850, it was changed to New Gretna. Beverly. - Established Jan. 4, 1849, and Charles C. McElroy was appointed postmaster. BiVmiii^/uim.- Established Feb. 11, 18G8. Lordeuloirn. - Established Jan. 1, 1801, with William Norcross as post- niHstcr. ftWjpboroiij/i.- Established Feb. 8,1849. L' oicn''s Mills. - Established Aug. 28, 1850. Byron Woodward was its first postmaster. BntU Toirn.- Established June 1, 1808. Burling'on. - Estiblislied April 1, 1708, Tliomas Douglass, postmaoJt.ie. - Established May 23, 1807 ; discontinued and re established in 1872. Wriglilstoim. - Established Feb. 3, 1824, Samncl Brown being the first postmaster. Contrary to the general supposition, Tuckerton was the first post-office established in Burlington County. Atsion was established at the same time. It was on the route from Philadelphia to Tuckerton, and was then a place of much bus^iness. The office at both these towns owe- their origin to the energy and enter- prise of Judge Ebenezer Tucker,' from whom Tucker- ton was named. CHAPTER X. CANALS AND RAILROADS. " I:^ Beecher's Magazine for Januarj', 1872, Judge Lucius Q. C. Elmer published an article entitled 'General Bernard and Joseph Bonaparte.' In De- cember, 1823, an act was passed by the Legislature of ' The judge was born in 1758, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and particii)ated in the battle of Long Island. He held numerous im- portant positions, was a member of the Congress of the United States from 1825 to 1829, and died Sept. 5, 1845. CANALS AND RAILPiOADS. 59 New Jersey appointing Lucius Q. C. Elmer, Peter Kean, and George Holcombe commissioners for the purpose of ascertaining tlie practicability and ex- pediency of a. canal to unite the tide-waters of the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. There was at that time a board of engineers, organized by virtue of a special act of Congress as a board of internal improve- ments. This board came into New Jersey, and in conjunction with the State board made a hasty ex- amination of the route previously surveyed, in 1816, by a State commission under John Randel, Jr., Esq. Tiie final result of this examination was that the plan of making the canal a State or national work was abandoned, and in 1830 the Delaware and Rar- itan Canal Con)pany was incorporated, who, mainly through the energy of Commodore Stockton, con- structed the existing work. The board of United States engineers consisted of Gen. Simon Bernard,' specially appointed at its head, Lieut. -Col. Joseph G. Totlen, of the Engineer Corps, and John L. Sullivan, of Boston,^ civil engineer."^ The Camden and Amboy Railroad and Trans- portation Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature dated Feb. 4, 1830. The capital stock was one million of dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to five hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The road was to run from Camden on the Delaware to some point on the Raritan Bay, the bed to be not more than one hundred feet wide, with as many sets of tracks as necessary; reserving to the State the right to subscribe one-fourth or less of the capital stock by the 1st of the ensuing January, which right was not exercised; limiting the charges to not more than eight cents per ton per mile for transportation of freight, and ten cents per mile for carrying each passenger; that the company should 4)ay a transit duty to the State often cents for each passenger, and fifteen cents for each ton of merchandise in lieu of all other taxes. Suitable steam or other vessels were required to be provided at either terminus of the road to make con- nection with the cities of Philadelphia and New York. 1 Gen. Bernard was a dislinguiplied engineer in the army of Napoleon, li.iving tlie brevet rank of liriiteuant-general as one of his aides, in wliich capacity lie acted at the hatlle of Waterloo. Upon the downfall of the emperor he canii' to the United States, about the year ISIC. He was the fust and uiilil the late war the only f..rfigii officer adniitteti to the mil- itary service of the United Slates after the Revolutionary war. During the twelve or fifteen years that he remained at the head of our corps of engineers he planned a system of foilificatious for the general defense of the coast. Soon after Louis Philippe becnme king be returned to France, was appointed an aide to the king, and in 1830 was placed in the cabinet as Secretary of War. He died in 1S39, and his death was, by general order of our War Department, announced to the army and people in terms of highest commendation and respect. Among the ntlachi's to the board was Capt. Poussin, also from France, then holding the rank of captain United States topographical engineers He returned to France with Bernard, and upon the overthrow of Louis Pliilippe, in 1848, was sent by the provisional government as minister to the United States. Having the misfortune to displease Mr. Clayton, our Secretary of State, be was dismissed or withdrawn. Bonaparte's Park and the Murats, E. M. Woodward, pp. 74-7G, The road was to be commenced within two and com- pleted within nine years. The State reserved the right to purchase the road at and after the expira- tion of thirty years, at a valuation to be made accord- ing to law. It was also stipulated that if the Legis- lature shall authorize the construction of any other railroad for the transportation of passengers across the State from New York to Philadelphia, which road shall be constructed and used, and which shall com- maicc and terminate within three miles of the terminals of the road authorized by this act, then the transit du- ties shall cease, and such other railroad shall be liable to a tax not less than the amount payable to the State by this company. By an act passed Feb. 4, 1831, it was further stipu- lated that the company should transfer to the State one thou.sand shares of the capital stock, the install- ments on which shall be paid by the company, the State to appoint one director; but providing that when any other railroad between New York and Philadelphia shall be constructed and used, then the dividends shall be no longer payable to the State, and the said stock shall be retransferred to the company. In consideration of which it was stipulated that it should not be lawful to construct any other railroad across the State within three miles of the road of the company until after the time limited for the coinple- tion of said railroad, nine years from Feb. 4, 1830. The Camden and Amboy Railroad and the Dela- ware and Raritan Canal Companies (both companies incorporated the same day and with provisions very similar) were consolidated by an act pas.sed Feb. 15, 1831, for the purpose of completing the road and canal, subject to the provisions, reservations, and con- ditions of their respective charters, the directors ap- pointed under which were empowered to manage the affairs of the company in joint meeting; and the companies were jointly liable for contracts made by either, and were prohibited from charging more than three dollars for passengers from and to Philadelphia and New York. This act provided further that the railroad and canal should be completed within the specified time, and if one of the works be completed at the specified time without the other, the work com- pleted shall be forfeited to the State. By an act of March 2, 1832, one thousand shares of the joint capital stock were transferred to the State, and the companies contract that if within one year from the time that the railroad from Borden- town to Amboy is completed the transit duty re- served by the acts incorporating such companies and the dividends on the stock so transferred shall not amount to thirty thousand dollars, the companies shall pay the deficiency to the State, and so annually during the charter ; and the State may appoint one director to represent the stock. The joint companies also covenant to construct a lateral railroad from Spottswood to New Brunswick as soon as any railroad shall be built from Brunswick to the Hudson River, 60 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. and not to charge more than two dollars and fifty cents fare between New Brunswick and Philadelphia. The condition of these grants, however, is that it shall not be lawful at any time during the railroad charter to construct any other railroad in the State which shall be intended or used to compete in busi- ness with the Camden and Amboy Railroad between New York and Philadelphia without the consent of the companies. So doubtful were the early legislators of New Jersey as to the feasibility of railroads and canals that the following proviso was thoughtfully inserted in both charters: "That in case the said company, after the same is completed, shall abandon the said road, or cease to use and keep in repairs at any time for three successive years, that then this charter shall be annulled, and the title to the lands over which the said road shall pass shall be revested in the persons from whom the lands were taken, their heirs and as- signs; Provided always, If the State shall take pos- session of said road, that road, and the title to the lands shall be vested in the State so long as they shall maintain the same." "Gordon's Gazetteer of New Jersey," published in January, 1834, on page 20, says, "The united com- panies have completed one track of railroad from a point below Bordentown" (White Hill )," on the Dela- ware River, to South Amboy, passing through, or rather over Ilights Town and by Spottswood, a dis- tance of thirty-five miles, at no expense, it is said, of more than eighteen thousand dollars the mile. Upon this road passengers and merchandise have been car- ried since February, 1833. It is constructed in a very substantial manner of cast-iron rails, supported upon blocks of stone or wooden sleepers, placed three feet distant from each other in the line. Until Sep- tember, 1833, the carriages were commonly drawn by horses. At that time steam locomotives were applied to one of the three daily lines which traverse it. " The remainder of the road from Bordentown to Camden is in progress, and is being constructed of wood faced with iron bars, it being supposed that it will not be employed more than two or three months in the year, and will therefore not require the strength of the portion between Bordentown and New York." The engine referred to was the " John Bull," which was at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. The following is a copy of the card attached to her : " THE LOCDMOTIVF, JOHN BULL, built by Messrs. Geurge and Hubert Stpphenson, at Newcustle-uiion-Tync, Eiiglaiid, For Camden on the same upon such terms as may be agreed upon by the two companies. Full right and authority was given to use steam upon the road. The State reserved to itself the usual tax. The Vincentown Branch of the Burlington County Railroad was incorporated by an act dated March 15, 18G1. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of twenty-five dol- lars each. The road was to run from a point in the Burlington County Railroad at or near Charles Ewen's house to Vincentown, with the privilege of building branches to any of the marl beds in the vicinity, said branches not to exceed two miles in length, the road not to exceed sixty-six feet in width, and the branches not to exceed fifty feet. The road was to be commenced within five years, and com- pleted within ten years from the 4th of July next ensuing. It was empowered to demand for the trans- portation of passengers and merchandise not more than five cents per mile for each passenger, and ten cents per ton per mile for each ton of heavy mer- chandise, etc., but for dry-goods, packages, and ex- press freight the said company was allowed to charge such reasonable rates as they shall deem proper. By a supplementary act approved March 6, 1863, this road was authorized to consolidate with the Bur- lington County Railroad Company, under the name and title of the last-named road. The State reserved to itself the usual tax when the net proceeds shall amount to seven per cent, (the then legal interest of 62 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. the State) per annum on its cost of construction. It was also provided that the Governor, the attorney- general, tlie chancellor, the justices of the Supreme Court, and the judges of the Court of Errors, and superintendent of public schools of the State, while traveling for the purpose of discharging the duties of their office, and members and officers of both houses of the Legislature during their sessions shall ride free on said road. The Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad Com- pany was incorporated by an act of the Legislature dated M;ireh 24, 18G4. The capital stock was five hundred thousand dollars, with liberty to increase it to one million dollars,' divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The road was to run from the borough of Pemberton, Burlington Co., to Hightstown, in Mercer County, connecting at Pemberton with the terminus of the Burlington County Railroad, and at Hightstown with the Camden and Amboy Railroad, passing en route the villages of Wjightstown, Cooks- town, New Egypt, Hornerstown, Fill more, Lnlaystown. The road-bed was not to exceed one hundred feet in width, and its construction to commence within three years, and to be completed within six years from the 4th day of July next ensuing; the charge for each pas- senger not to exceed four cents per mile, for freight not to exceed eight cents per ton per mile. The State reserved to itself the usual tax, as soon as the road or any part thereof shall be iu operation, on the cap- ital stock of said road, without the usual proviso in regard to the net proceeds amounting to six per centum per annum upon its cost of construction. The same State officers as were named in the charter of the Yincento\\^l road were allowed to ride free on this road. The Mount Holly, Lumberton and Medford Railroad Company was incorporated by an act dated April 2, ItiiiG. The capital stock was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with liberty to increase the same to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The road was to run from Mount Holly to the village of Med- ford, passing through Lumberton, and not to exceed in width one hundred feet. Its construction was to commence within five years, and to be completed Avithin ten years irom the 4tli day of July next en- suing. The charge for trans])ortation was limited to not more than four cents per mile for passengers, or more than ten cents per ton per mile for any de- scription of property. The usual tax on the cost, equipment, and appendages of said road was pro- vided for, as also the right of the State, after the ex- piration of thirty-five years from completion, to take possession of the road upon appraisement, etc. The Columbus, Einkora and Springfield Hail- road Company was incorporated by an act of the 1 The large amount of the cnpitftl stock for bo short a road was caused \.'J0 Colunilms, Kinkoiuund Si)ringfiel2j IVIonnt Holly, Lnnilieiloii and Mtdford I:!.91>i.-.i3 Delaware and liarilau Canals '-lKj,ii7.99 $1,098,055.99 The Penilierton and Seashore Koad was rnn without loss. The Camden and Uinilnglon County and the Burlington and Mount Holly Boadti were ruu at a profit ut' $1,125.47 Leaving a net loss of $1,090 ,9;i0.62 Yet such is the enormous transportation on the numerous roads operated by the Pennsylvania Com- pany in the West, brought to them by the advantage of this terminus on New York Bay, that this loss is more than counterbalanced. CHAPTER XL THE LEGAL PROFEgSIOX AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. Dr. Daniel Coxe. - Dr. Daniel Coxe, of London, the great proprietor of West Jersey, and Governor of that province from 1687 to 1690, resided at Burlington, where he built a dwelling-house and a pottery, prob- ably the first in the State. In 1691 he sold to the " West New Jersey Society," of London, with certain reservations of surveys in old Salem County, his twenty-two whole shares of propriety in West Jersey, and two hundred thousand acres contiguous to "West Jersey, two shares of propriety in East Jersey, three whole shares in Merrimac, New England, ten thou- sand acres in Pennsylvania, town lot" at Perth Amboy, Gloucester, and Egg Harbor, and his dwelling-house and pottery-house, with all the tools, in Burlington.' Isaac Collins and the New Jersey Gazette. - To counteract in some measure the influence of Rivington^ g Gazette, the organ of the British party in New York, which was very bitter in its denunciations of Governor Livingston, of New Jersey, a paper was commenced in December, 1780. printed by Isaac Col- lins, sometimes at Trenton and sometimes at Burling- ton, called the New Jersey Gazette. This paper was continued mostly through the war, and was essentially aided by the Governor, who contributed many articles which attracted much attention, and were of important service to the cause. Some of them were afterwards reprinted by Carey in his American Museum. Collins was a man of great prominence in the colony. He was appointed colonial printer in 1770. Elias Boudinot. - Elias Boudinot, of Huguenot descent, was born in Philadelphia, May 2, 1740. He studied law and became eminent in that profession. At an early period of the Revolution he was ap- pointed commissary-general of prisoners. He wiis a distinguished member of Congress during and after the Revolutionary war, and in 1782 was made presi- dent of that body. After the adoption of the Con- stitution he was elected a member of Congress from Pennsylvania, where he continued from 1789 to 1795. He then succeeded the celebrated David Rittenhouse as director of the United States Mint, which office he held but a few years, resigning and removing to Burlington. He was possessed of an ample fortune, made munificent donations to various charitable and theological institutions. He was well known to the religious community as the first president of the American Bible Society, which he made a particular object of his bounty. He published several books, and was devoted to natural history. The following is the inscription on his monument in St. Mary's yard : "Here lies the remains of the HonoraMe Elia< Boudinot, LL.D. Born on the 2d day of May, a.d. 1740. He died on the 24ih day of Oct., a.d. Ih21. His life was an e.\hibitiou of fervent piety, of nselul talMiit, and of extensive benevolence. liis death was the tiinniph of Chli^tian faith, the cousummatiou of %ope, the daw ti and the pledge of endless felicity. " ' To those who knew him not, no words can pniut ; And those who knew him, know all words are faint.' "Mark the perfect man and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace.' " William Bradford.-" Here lies the remains of William Bradford, attorney -general of the United ' First Settlers in Newton Township, N. J. Judge John Clement, of HaddoufieM, p. 174. Sinnickson Chew, Camden, ls77. 64 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. States under the Presidency of Washington, and pre- viously attorney-general of Pennsylvania and a judge of the Supreme Court of the State. In private life he had acquired the esteem of all his fellow-citizens. In professional attainments he was learned as a lawyer, and eloquent as an advocate. In the execution of his public offices he was vigilant, dignified, and impartial. Yet in the bloom of life, in the maturity of every faculty that could invigorate or embellish the human mind, in the prosecution of the most important ser- vices that a citizen could render to his country, in the | perfect enjoyment of the highest honors that public j confidence could bestow upon an individual, blessed ! in all the pleasures which a virtuous reflection could furnish from the past, and animated by all the incite- I ments which an honorable ambition could depict in i the future, he ceased to be mortal. A fever, produced | by a fatal assiduity in performing his official trust at a crisis interesting to the nation, suddenly terminated his public career, extinguished the splendor of his private prosperity, and on the 23d day of August, 1795, in the fortieth year of his age, consigned him to the grave, - lamented, honored, and beloved. His widow erected this monument to his memory." Charles Lanman, in his " Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States," p. 45, says William Bradford was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1755; graduated at Princeton with a high reputation for talents. He was engaged in the study of law at the outbreak of the Revolution, but he en- tered the army as major of brigade to Gen. Rober- deau ; he next commanded a company of regular troops under Col. Hampton ; he was then appointed deputy muster-master-general, with the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel, which office he held for two years, when he recommenced the study of law. In 1793 he published an " Inquiry how far the Punishment of Death is Necessary in Pennsylvania," and in the earlier periods of his life some of his poetical pro- ductions were published in the Philadelphia Maga- zine. Mr. Bradford married the only daughter and child of Elias Boudinot. Alexander Hamilton had been a friend of the family of Mr. Boudinot in his boyhood, and the colleague of Mr. Bradford in the cabinet. The friendship between the widows of these two re- markable men continued to the end of their lives. William Franklik, Governor of New Jersey at the commencement of the Revolution, resided at Burlington, occupying during a considerable part of his time a house situated on the beautiful banks of the river, where he remained until 1774, when he removed to Perth Amboy. He was an illegitimate son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, and was born about 1730. Upon the marriage of his father he was taken to his family, and brought up as if he had been born in wedlock. He was carefully educated, and at an early age was ap- l)uinted clerk of the House of Assembly of Pennsyl- vania. In 1756 he accomjjanied his father to Lon- don, became the parent of an illegitimate son, named William Temple Franklin, married Miss Elizabeth Downes, and was, through the influence of Lord Bute, appointed Governor of New Jersey. He re- mained loyal to his king during the Revolution ; was arrested by order of the Provincial Congress in 177G, exchanged in two years and five months, lost his wife, was president of the Board of Associated Royalists, returned to England in 1782, married an Irish lady, and died in 1813, aged about eighty-three. His father and his son espoused the cause of independence. He quarreled with his father, as did his son with him. GovERXOR Joseph Bloomfleld. - Joseph Bloom- field, a captain in the Revolutionary army, a brigadier- general in the war of 1812-14, and Governor of New Jersey from 1801 to 1812, married Miss Mary Mcll- vainc, a daughter of Dr. William Mcllvaine, of Bur- lington. He settled in that town, and made it his home when not absent on public service. He was mayor of the city several years, and lived in the style of a gentleman of fortune. In 1783 he was ap- pointed register of the Court of Admiralty, established by the State. In 1793 he was chosen one of the trus- tees of Princeton College, holding that office and ex officio president of the board as Governor until his decease. As general of militia lie led a brigade to near Pittsburgh to quell the Whiskej' Insurrection in 1794. He was an active member and president of the '* New Jersey Society for the Abolition of Slavery." During the war with Great Britain he was with his brigade on tlie border of Canada, but, like many other officers of that army, he did not gather many military laurels. The war was a series of blunders, was poorly waged, and conducted in the beginning by old men who in their youth had been gallant soldiers. Yet it ended happily in a glo- rious victory that gained for us the respect of Europe. He was withdrawn, assigned to the command of a military district, with his headquarters at Philadel- phia. In 1818 he had the misfortune to lose his wife. In a few years he married again a lady who survived him. He was several times a Presidential Elector; was a member of the Congress of the United States from 1817 to 1821. He died Oct. 3, 1825, the inscrip- tion on his tomb recording simply the truths that he was "a soldier of the Revolution; late Governor of New Jersey ; a general in the army of the United States; he closed a life of probity, benevolence, and public service in the seventieth year of his age." James Kixsey. - James Kinsey was elected by joint meeting chief justice in November, 1789, re- elected in 1796, and held the office nearly fourteen years. He was the son of John Kinsey, who came from England to New Jersey in 1716. He was a member of Assembly from Middlesex, and Speaker of the House several years. He removed to Philadelphia, was a member and for many years Speaker of the Assembly of Pennsylvania. He was a Quaker, an eminent lawyer, and for the last seven years of his J'l ,",, J THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISnED MEN. 65 life chief justice of that State. He died in May, 1750, at Burlington, of an apoplectic fit. James Kinsey, who was a lawyer, married and set- tled in Burlington. In 1772 he was elected a member of Assembly from the city of Burlington, at that time entitled to two representatives. He took a prominent part in the business of the Legislature, an(^as the leader of the opposition to Governor Franklin. He was appointed one of the delegates to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia in September, 1774, but in November of the following year he resigned. In 1777 the Legislature passed an act requiring counselors or attorneys to renounce allegiance to the king of Great Britain, and to " bear true faith and allegiance to the government established in this State," which oaths he declined to take, and was obliged to relin- quish his practice as a lawyer. It is probable his being a member of the Society of Friends had some- thing to do with his scruples about the oath. Not- withstanding this he retained Governor Livingston's friendship. Judge Elmer says of him, " He was well versed in the doctrines of the law, and of unspotted integrity, but he was not a man of high intellect." He died at Burlington in 1803, at about the age of seventy years. William Griffith. - William Griffith, the son of Dr. John Griffith, of Somerset County, was a judge of one of the Circuit Courts of the United States. He was born in 17G6, studied law under Elisha Boudinot, a brother of Elias Boudinot. He resided and married at Burlington, when he went there the county town, and for many years previous the capital of West Jer- sey. It remained a favorite residence of lawyers in good practice during the first quarter of the present century. In 1820 he was a prominent member of the House of Assembly, and took an active part in the re- vision of the laws of the State, made in that year. He was an active promoter of the abolition of. slavery, and a member of the society, which received its main support from the Friends of Burlington County. He acquired a large practice and a deservedly high repu- tation as an advocate. He was one of the few lawyers of the State who wrote and published for the benefit of the profession. In 1796 he published a treatise on the jurisdiction and proceedings of justices of the peace. It was a valuable book, and passed through three or four editions. In 1799 he published a series of essays over the signature of "Eumenes," exposing the defects of the State Constitution hastily adopted in 1776, and urged the election of a convention to re- vise it. About 1820 he prepared a work entitled the "Annual Register of the United States," which con- tained a very reliable account of the officers, laws, and regulations of each of the then twenty-four States. Four volumes were published. He also commenced a work called " Historical Notes of the American Colonies and Eevolution, from 1754 to 1775." It was never finished, but partly printed, and some copies were sold after his decease. In 1826 he was appointed 5 clerk of the Supreme Court of the LTiiited States, but died at the residence of his son-in-law, Mr. Richard S. Coxe, in Washington City, on the 7th of June of that year, at the age of sixty years. Of Mr. Griffith, Henry Armitt Brown has said, " He was a most accomplished lawyer, and stood at the head of the bar. He was one of John Adams' ' midnight judges.' " George Wood. - ''George Wood," says Judge Elmer, in his "Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar" (Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. vii.), "was probably the ablest man New Jersey has produced. He was born in Burlington County, grad- uated at Princeton, studied law with Richard Stock- ton, and was admitted to tiie bar in 1812." After a few years' practice in New Brunswick he removed to New York, where he took rank among the leaders, and was equal, if not superior, to the best of them. He was engaged in the most important causes, not only in New York, but in other States. He died in 1860. Christopher Billop. - The eldest son of Chief Justice Thomas Farmer, of New Jersey, married the daughter of Gapt. Christopher Billop, of the British navy (who was probably a son of Christopher Billop, the commander of the British forces at New Castle, Del., during Maj. John Fenwick's time), who had succeeded in obtaining a patent for a large tract on Staten Island. Young Farmer, upon his wife's in- heriting this -estate, adopted her father's name, and as Christopher Billop became a very noted character during the Revolution. He commanded a corps of New York loyalists, and upon one occasion was taken prisoner by the Whigs, and confined in jail at Bur- lington. Elias Boudinot, then commissary of pris- oners, was constrained to treat him with great severity, in retaliation for the cruel treatment of two Whig officers who had fallen into the hands of the royal troops. Irons were put on his hands and feet; he was chained to the floor of a close room, and fed on bread and water. After the war the Billop estate was confiscated, and he went to the province of New Brunswick, where he became a prominent man, and died in 1827.' Garret Dorset Wall was born in the township of Middletown, in the county of Monmouth, March 10, 1783. He was of English descent. The first of the family who came from England was Walter Wall, who, after living a short time in Massachusetts and on Long Island, settled in Monmouth County in the year 1657. The father of Gen. Wall was James Wall, the fourth in descent from W^alter Wall. He was an officer of the Monmouth militia during the Revolu- tionary war. At the battle of Monmouth he acted as one of Gen. Washington's guides, and in that en- gagement received the sword of a British officer whom . 1 Subiue's .\m?rican Lojalis'e, p. ICO. 66 IIISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. he captured with his own hand. James Wall died in 1792, leaving a widow and six children. Garret, then ten years of age, was sent to reside with his uncle, Dr. John G. Wall, of Woodbridge, Middlesex County. Upon the death of his uncle, in 1798, he re- moved to Trenton and entered the law-office of Gen. Jonathan Rhea, who was then clerk of the Supreme Court. He was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1804, licensed as counselor in 1807, and called to be a sergeant-at-law in 1820. Upon his admission to the bar Gen. Wall com- menced the practice of law in Trenton, and continued to reside there until the year 1828, when he removed to Burlington. Gen. AVall early took a high rank at the New Jer- sey bar, having been for years in the clerk's office of the Supreme Court, and a thorough student as well ; he became so familiar with the practice of the courts and with the sources from which it was derived, that upon all matters of practice he was ever considered an authority. In the year 1812 he was elected clerk of the Supreme Court, and held that position until the year 1817. During the war of 1812 he commanded the Phoenix Company of uniformed militia, which had been formed during the Revolution, and in which he for several years was an officer ; he was stationed at Sandy Hook in the force detailed for the protection of New York. In the years 1822 and 1827 he represented Hunter- don County in the General Assembly. In politics Gen. Wall had originally been a Federalist, but in 1824, with many other leading members of that party, he supported Gen. Jackson for the Presidency, and it was mainly through his efforts, that the vote of New Jersey was given to Jackson in that year. In the year 1829, the Jackson men having control of both houses of the Legislature, Gen. Wall was elected by joint meeting Governor and chancellor. This honor- able position he felt constrained to decline. In his let- ter of declination he said, " I have not come to this conclusion without weighing the full force of my duties as a public man, and yielding to them a delib- erate consideration. But my obligations to my family, and the necessity of devoting a greater portion of my time to my private affiiirs than a diligent and faith- ful discharge of the high and honorable office of Gov- ernor would admit, demand of me this determination and compel me to throw myself upon the favorable interpretation of my fellow-citizens of the motives of my conduct." He accepted the office of district attorney of the United States, to which he was appointed by Gen. Jackson. Wliile holding this office he conducted the well-remembered prosecution against the Barne- gat wreckers, and effectually broke up the infamous system of land piracy, which had been a great re- proach to the inhabitants of the sea-coast of New Jersey. In 1835 the term of Theodore Frelinghuysen in the Senate of the United States expired, and Gen. Wall was elected by the Democrats as his successor. He was an active and influential member of the United States Senate, and an ardent supporter of the admin- istrations of Jackson and Van Buren. A number of the speeches delivered by him during his term have been published, and are among the ablest to which that period of high excitement and keen controversy gave birth, among them his speeches upon the Inde- pendent Treasury bill, in 1838, on the Bankrupt bill, in 1840, and on the right of Petition and Abolition, in 1836. He was for three years chairman of the Ju- diciary Committee, for two years of the Library Com- mittee, and one year of the Militia Committee. Upon the expiration of his term in the Senate, the Whig party being in the majority in New Jersey, he was succeeded by Jacob W. Metteo, when he returned again to the active practice of his profession. In 1843 his health was greatly impaired by a stroke of paralysis ; yet, as has been said of him, " it was in- deed a striking proof of the indomitable energy of his character that upon his partial recovery he engaged in some important trials, and conducted them with almost his wonted skill and ability." In 1848 he accepted the position of judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals, tendered him by Gov- ernor Haines, and held this office at the time of his death, in November, 1850. Gen. Wall left two children, - Col. James W. Wall, of Burlington, and Matilda M., the wife of Governor Peter D. Vroom. James W. Wall, a son of Garret D. Wall, was born at Trenton in 1820. He graduated at Princeton Col- lege in 1839 ; studied law, and commenced practice in his native city. His first public position was that of commissioner of bankruptcy. In 1847 he removed to Burlington, and three years afterwards was elected mayor of that city. He devoted much attention to literary pursuits, and in 1854 visited Europe, and upon his return published a volume entitled "Foreign Etchings, or Visits to the Old World's Pleasant Places." In 1863 he was elected a senator in Con- gress for the unexpired term of John W. Thompson, deceased, but which seat was for a short time occu- pied by Richard S. Field. During the Rebellion he was imprisoned for a short time in Fort Lafayette. He died June 9, 1872. William Rossell, born in 1761, was a lawyer, and many years judge of the LTnited States District Court for New Jersey. He was also judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Died at Mount Holly, June 20, 1840. Ebenezer Tucker, born in Burlington County in 1758, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and served at the battle of Long Inland. He filled many offices of distinction and trust, among them those of collector and postmaster of New Jersey. Was a member of Congress from New Jersey from 1825 to 1829. He was also judge of the Court of Common THE LEGAL PROFESSIOxV AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. C7 Pleas, justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and judge of the Orphans' Court. He died at Tuckerton, N. J., Sept. 5, 1845. Judge Joshua Maddox Wallace, of Burlington, son of John Wallace, of Scotland, who emigrated to Rhode Island in 1742, was born in Philadelphia in 1752. He graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 17G7, and then entered the counting-house of Archibald McCall, of that city. In 1773 he married Tace, the daughter of Col. William Bradford, and in 1784 removed from his estate of Ellerslie, upon the Raritan, to Burlington. The same year he was ap- pointed by the Council and General Assembly judge of the pleas of Burlington County, and it is said of him, "He was very highly useful in administering justice, maintaining the police, relieving the distresses, and improving the morals of the common people." He was instrumental in establishing an academy of learning, and in bringing good teachers to the place. He was a trustee for more than twenty years of Prince- ton College, president of the trustees of the Burlington Academy, and president of the society in New Jersey for the suppression of vice and immorality. With his friend and near kinsman, the venerable Elias Boudinot, he took an early and active part in the formation of the American Bible Society, and was president of the convention which formed it. He was a member of the convention which, in 1787, ratified, in behalf of New Jersey, the Constitution of these United States. He represented the county of Bur- lington in the Assembly of the State, and died in May, 1819. Abraham Brown was born at Kecklesstown, Bur- lington Co., about the year 1780. He was educated at Burgess Allison's classical school at Bordentown. He studied law, and upon being admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1802 removed to Mount Holly, where he resided until his death. Soon after his re- moval there he was appointed surrogate of the county, which office he held by reappointment for a period of seventeen years. He was made counselor during the Sepiember term, 1811. He was a profound lawyer and a wise counselor, a man of integrity of character, and exercised a wide-spread influence in the county. Charles Kixsey, a son of Chief Justice Kinsey, was born in Burlington. He studied law with Judge William Griffith, of that town, and after being ad- mitted to the bar, 1804, opened his office there and continued to practice until he was appointed surro- gate of the county in 1833, which office he held for live years. After his term had expired he returned to his native town, where he continued the practice of his profession until his death. He was a well-read lawyer, a conscientious man, and was noted for the purity of his life. Hon. John C. Ten Eyck was born in Freehold, Monmouth Co., N. J., in March, 1814. Receiving a private classical education, he entered the office of the Hon. Joseph F. Randolph as a studeut of law, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1835, and as counselor in 1838. He settled at first at Bur- lington, going into partnership with the Hon. Garret D. Wall, then a senator of the United States from New Jersey. In 1839 he was appointed prosecutor of the pleas for Burlington County, and held that office for ten years. When the convention called to revise the Constitution of New Jersey met in 1844 he took his seat as a delegate, and although one of the youngest members made his influence felt in the de- liberations of that body. He was elected to the United States Senate for the term commencing in 1859. In 1873 he was appointed a member of the commission to revise the Constitution of the State, of which commission he was chosen chairman. When appointed prosecutor of the pleas he removed to Mount Holly, where he has since resided. Garret S. Cannon, son of the Rev. James Spen- cer and Catharine (Brevoort) Cannon, was born in Somerset County, N. J. His father, a distinguished minister, was for years Professor of Theology in the Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary of New Bruns- wick, and held for a long period the chair of meta- physics in Rutgers College. Union College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died in 1852, having filled the professorship of theology in the seminary for thirty years. Mr. Cannon, after leaving Rutgers College Gram- mar School, entered Rutgers College, from which he graduated, after a four years' course, in 1833, Upon leaving college he entered the office of B. R. Brown, Esq., at Mount Holly, and having completed his study of law was, in 1836, licensed as an attorney, and three years after as counselor. Locating at Bordentown, he has continued the practice of his profession there ever since. He was appointed prosecuting attorney of Burlington County by Governor Daniel Haines in 1850, reappointed to the same office by Governor R. M. Price, and received a second reappointment at the hands of Governor Joel Parker in 1865. President Pierce honored him with the appointment of United States district attorney for the State in 1853, and President Buchanan reappointed him to the same office in 1857. In 1845 he was elected by the Demo- crats to the Lower House of the State Legislature. He is president of the Gas Company of Bordentown, and president of the Water-Works Company, and has been a director, as well as the attorney of the Borden- town Banking Company ever since its organization. He is an energetic, public-spirited man, and dis- charged the duties of all the offices he held in a fearless manner. He married, first, Hannah Kinsev, daughter of Charles Kinsey, of Burlington; second, Sarah, daughter of William Biddle, Esq., of Borden- town. Hon. John L. N. Stratton, son of Dr. John L. Stratton, a distinguished practitioner of Burlin^-ton County, was born in 1817, near Mount Holly. His early education was mainly obtained at the schools in cs HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Mount Holly, he afterwards attending college at Mendham, Morris Co., and graduating from Princeton in 1836. In the same year he entered the office of B. R. Brown, Esq., as a student of law, and in 1839 was licensed as attorney, and in 1842 as counselor. In 1858 he was elected to Congress from the Second District on the Republican ticket. In 1860 his constituency returned him a second time to the National House. Upon his retirement from Congress he resumed his practice of the law. In 1875 he was chosen president of the Farmers' National Bank of Mount Holly. In 1842 he married Caroline Newbold, a descendant of an old and influential family of Burlington County. Franklin Woolman, surveyor-general of West Jersey, was born in Burlington in 1814, in which city he has always resided. He is descended from a family which were among the oldest settlers, .the progenitor of the family in this country, John Woolman, who arrived at Burlington in 1681, locating a tract of land extending from Burlington to the Rancocas, & dis- tance of five miles, and comprising about eight thou- sand acres. Burr Woolman, who held the office of surveyor-general of West Jersey for thirty years, was the father of Franklin, and upon his death Franklin succeeded him to that oflice, which he has held ever since. He received a solid education, and studied with a view of inheriting his father's business, con- veyancing and surveying, into which in due time he was admitted. He has made an especial study of titles and matters connected with real estate in Bur- lington County, and has gained the reputation of being most thoroughly informed upon the subject. He is vice-president of Burlington Savings Institution, and is a director of the Burlington National Bank, and of the Burlington Library. He is a man of public spirit, and is deeply interested in all movements that tend to the advancement of the social and moral con- dition of the community. He married, in 1848, Jane, daughter of John Conrad, mayor of the old district of Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, and sister of Judge Conrad, mayor of Philadelphia. Hon. George M. Wright, of Bordentown, was the son of William L. and Lucy (Minor) Wright, of Rhode Island, and of English descent. His father was for many years a sea-captain, but the latter por- tion of his life was spent on a farm in Otsego County, N. Y., which he owned and cultivated, and which is now in the possession of George. George received a good solid education in Rhode Island and at a select school at Hartwick, and at twenty-one years of age went to New Y'ork to make his way in the world. Being a close observer and giving all his attention to whatever he undertook, he was successful in his vari- ous enterprises. In 1851 he was the agent for George W. Aspinwall's line of steamers, which position he held until the death of that gentleman in 1853. In 1851 he removed to New Brunswick, where he resided for three years, when he made Bordentown his perma- nent home. He was mavor of Bordentown from 1858 to 1860. From 1864 to 1867 he was State senator from Burlington County. He was for many years connected with the Pennsylvania Steam Towing and Transporta- tion Company, and for twelve years filled the post of inspector and collector for the Delaware and Raritan Canal at Bordentown. He is a director of the Bor- dentown Banking Company, and of the Steam Tow- ing Company. He was elected by joint ballot of the Legislature State treasurer in February, 1875, and at each succeeding expiration of his term has been re- elected to the same position. He is a man of indus- trious habits, sterling honesty, and unimpeachable character. In 1848 he married Jane M. Bradley, of Richmond County, N. Y. Hon. John Howard Pugh, son of Elijah and Let- tice (Barnard) Pugh, was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1827. The founder of the family in this country, Daniel Pugh, immigrated from Wales to Pennsylva- nia in the early part of the eighteenth century. Having received a thorough academic education, he was for some three years associated with Professor Wickersham as assistant in conducting the academy at Marietta. Relinquishing his position in the acad- emy he began the study of medicine, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1852. He commenced practice at Bristol, Bucks Co., Pa., but after traveling a year in the regions of Lake Supei i Dr, he settled in the spring of 1854 in Burlington, where he has since resided. During the war for the Union he was a zealous supporter of the Federal govern- ment, laboring with voice and pen to secure its tri- umphs, and giving a practical proof of his loyalty by attending without compensation at the United States General Hospital at Beverly. Dr. Pugh, though coming into Burlington an entire stranger, by his skill, strong traits of personal character, and prepos- sessing manners, soon won for himself a high position in his profession and the social circle; and such was the confidence of his fellow-citizens in him, that in 1876 he received the nomination of the Republicans of the Second Congressional District for Congress, to which he was elected by a handsome majority. Having served with credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituency, he was unanimously renominated for a second term in 1878. At this time the "Green- backers" held the balance of power in very many districts, and in the Second District, having nomi- nated the doctor's opponent, they carried the field. He has been for thirteen years president of the Me- chanics' National Bank of Burlington. Frederick Voorhees, son of Peter and Jane (Schenck) Voorhees, was born in Somerset County, N. J. Receiving an excellent education, he entered Princeton College in 1853, from Avliich he graduated in 1856. He studied law with his brother, Peter L. Voorhees, at Camden, and in 1859 was licensed an attorney-at-law. In the fall of that year he removed to Mount Holly, and took charge of the law practice of the Hon. John C. Ten Eyck, who had been elected ^t/^6uuj THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 69 United States senator. In 1865 he opened an office of his own, and now enjoys an extensive and valuable practice. Chakles Elvin Hendrickson, son of Jacob and Mary M. Hendrickson, was born in New Egypt, Ocean Co., in 1843. Attending the academy of George D. Horner, A.M., in his native town, he graduated from Princeton College at the age of twenty, took charge of an academy at Pemberton, and one year after began the study of law in the office of the Hon. Abraham Browning, at Camden. Fiuishing his legal studies under Garret S. Cannon, Esq., of Bordentown, he was admitted to the bar in 18G6. Soon afterwards he settled at Mount Holly, and in 1870 was appointed by Governor Randolph prosecutor of pleas, and in 1875 reappointed by Gov- ernor Bedle. In 1868 he was elected to the Assem- bly, and in 1869 was admitted as counselor-at-law. He is a prominent member of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, a Christian alike in practice and profes- sion. He was elected a lay delegate to the General Conference that met at Baltimore in May, 1876, the bishops of which Conference appointed him one of the committee of fifteen to revise the hymn-book of the church. He is president of the board of trustees of Pennington Seminary. Judge Clayton A. Black, son of Hon. John Black, was born at Columbus, Sept. 27, 1839. Ten years afterwards his father removed to a farm on the outskirts of the village, which for many years had been in the family, and in 1861 gave up the manage- ment of it to Clayton, who still resides upon it. In 1864, Clayton A., with Peter E. Harvey, obtained a charter to construct a railroad on what was known as the old bed of the Delaware and the Atlantic Rail- road (now the Kinkora and Jobstown road), and upon its completion in 1872 he was elected one of the directors, and upon the death of his father, who was president of the road, he was elected vice-president of it. The judge is now a director of the Mercer County Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of the Mount Holly National Bank, and the Bordentown Turnpike Com- pany. He has been repeatedly pressed by his friends to contest for political honors, but being deeply inter- ested in farming was unwilling to accept office until Governor McClellan appointed him judge of the court of Common Pleas in 1878. He is very popular among his host of friends, and as his taste naturally leads him to enjoy the " sports of the field," there are a number of laws upon the statute books for the protection of game that were drawn by him. Gen. John Stockton Irick, son of William and Margaret (Stockton) Irick, was born on the old home- stead in South Hampton township in 1811. His edu- cation was completed at the academical institute of John Gummerie at Burlington, and at the age of twenty had commenced farming on his own account. In 1847 he was elected by the Whigs a member of the State Assembly, and was re-elected to that position for two succeeding years. He never again permitted his name to be put in nomination for a public office. Turning his attention to btisiness enterprises, he was mainly the creator of the Vincentown National Bank, of which he was elected president in 1864 ; he was one of the chief movers for the building of the Cam- den and Burlington County Railroad, and the Vincen- town Branch of this line was almost wholly his work. The St. Mary's River Timber Company and the Vincentown Marl Company were likewise mainly created by his effi)rt. He is a director of the Morris Canal Company. During the late war he served on the staff of Governor Olden, being master of military transportation. He married, in 1832, Emeline S. Bishop, of Burlington County. Hon. Samuel A. Dobbins, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Scroggy) Dobbins, was born in South Hampton township in 1814. He received a good education, and in 1836 married Damaris Harker, and commenced farming. In 1854 he was elected by the Whigs sheriff of Burlington County, and annually thereafter until the usual three years had elapsed. In 1858 he was elected by the Republicans to the Assembly, and re-elected three times successively. In 1872 he was elected to represent the Second District in Congress, and was re-elected in 1874. For nearly twenty years he has been a trustee of the Pennington Seminary, and for ten years president of the board. He was one of the corporators, and since its organi- zation a member of the board of directors of the Union National Bank, of Mount Holly. Hon. Henry J. Irick, son of Gen. J. S. Irick, was born in 1833. He was educated at the Treemount Seminary, Morristown, and at the Freehold Institute. After leaving the institute he engaged in agricultural pursuits until 1863, having married in 1862, Harriet R. Clement, of Camden. In 1862, 1863, and 1864 he was elected to the Assembly, and in 1870, 1871, and 1872 he was elected State senator. He is director, secretary, and treasurer of the Vincentown Railroad Company, and secretary and treasurer of the Vincen- town Marl Company. EwAN Merritt, son of Charles and Keziah ISIer- ritt, was born in Springfield township, Burlington County, March 24, 1823. His education was obtained by hard study and indefatigable exertions, and chiefly at academies in Burlington County, though for two years he attended Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y., but did not complete the course and graduate. His future career proved this education to have been solid and lasting. Afterward the College of New Jersey conferred upon him the honorary^ degree of Master of Arts. He studied law with Hon. Joshua S. Thompson, at Swedesboro', and subsequently with Hon. John L. N. Stratton,at Mount Holly, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in October, 1850, and as a coun- selor in June, 1854. In June, 1853, he married Catharine C, daughter 70 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. of John Kempton, by whom he had three children, all now deceased. His widow still survives him. Mr. Merritt was a fine-looking man of large phy- sique, and inclined to corpulency ; he was possessed of great bodily strength, without which he could not 60 signally have triumphed at the bar. With his physical strength was united great mental power, or, as another has said of him, extraordinary mental en- dowments, and he had not long been engaged in the practice of his profession before his ability was recog- nized by all. He had remarkable powers of memory, was a man of good judgment and of undoubted in- tegrity in all business relations, a jurist of great legal attainments, an able advocate, a genial friend. Somewhat early in life Mr. Merritt became afflicted with gout, the attacks of which grew more frequent and violent as the years passed, until he finally suc- cumbed to its ravages, and departed this life Oct. 6, 1874, at the age of fifty-one years, lamented by the þwhole community. At a meeting of the bench and bar of the county, held shortly after his decease, for the purpose of giving expression to the loss they had sustained, Judge Carr made the following remarks : " I knew Ewan Merritt intimately almost from the time he en- tered the office of Mr. Stratton as a law student until his death, and in all my intercourse with him I found him a strictly honorable and upright man. He was in every sense of the word a good and useful citizen. Especially was he conspicuous for usefulness in local affairs. Whenever matters were at issue touching the public weal he was always prompt and energetic in defense of what he conceived to be for the true in- terest of the people, giving bold expression to those views which the occasion seemed to demand without regard to his own personal popularity or private ad- vantage. In this respect particularly will his loss be severely felt by his fellow-citizens. He was also courageous in exposing individual selfishness when arrayed in opposition to the general welfare, and in rebuking injustice to the weak and unprotected, the widow and the orphan. " At such times he would use no mild and delicate language in denouncing the offender. I haveseen men shrink away from him abashed under the effect of his withering invective. Mr. Merritt was not only a truly upright and conscientious man, but he was in every sense of the term an honest lawyer. His counsel could always be relied on, and he ever avoided in- volving his clients in needless and endless litigation." The speaker then related an incident coming under his own notice in Mr. Merritt's office, to illustrate his frank and honest dealing as a lawyer and the integ- rity of the man. " In his practice before this court, I speak not only for myself, but, I think, for my asso- ciates on the bench, in saying that when a question of law was raised and Mr. Merritt presented his views the court were as much influenced to decide in his favor by their knowledge of his character as by the characteristic ability with which his ideas were en- forced. They believed that he would not, for the sake of success, misinterpret the law or misstate the facts. He was one of the most faithful men to his clients that I ever knew. Even pain and- sickness of the most serious character would not prevent him from following up his case and sitting upon the bench. I have frequently seen him, racked with bodily torture, working with all his zeal and energy to secure justice to those who had engaged him to defend their cause. " His character as a man was beyond reproach. He was devoted to duty. He was a generous, warm- hearted friend. All who knew him honored and respected him. When I look at that familiar chair and see that he is no longer in his accustomed place, I know that the community and this court have met with a great loss ; that one has been taken away who will always be missed ; that a strong mind has gone, a noble man fallen. When I looked upon him clothed in the habiliments of the tomb, I was forcibly struck with the firmness of his countenance in death, indica- tive of his strength of character in life. As I saw his remains deposited in their last resting-place, in the beautiful St. Andrew's ground, I wondered could this be the last of such a man, and looking up to the bright blue sky, ' immortality was brought to light,' and I knew that though this was ' the last of earth,' his great soul still lives, lives where good deeds and pure lives are rewarded forever. We cannot all of us make the mark that Ewan Merritt has made, we can- not leave behind us the record that he has left, but we have his life and example before us, and if we do our duty fully, faithfully, as I feel that he has done, we may hope, when our last hour comes and we are called to follow him, that our lives have not been spent in vain and that the world may say it is well that we have lived." A motion was subsequently made to spread upon the minutes of the Circuit Court the resolutions adopted at the meeting referred to, and Judge Wood- hull, in granting the motion, said he wished to be understood as doing so not as a mere matter of form. Mr. Merritt was a gentleman of great ability and in- tegrity ; in short, he was no common man. He never took pride in misleading the court, but was always careful to express to them any doubt he might him- self entertain with regard to a legal principle, though he thereby detracted from the strength of his own case. This was one of his most striking character- istics. His death was a great loss to the bar and to the court; and his own intercourse with the deceased having been of a very pleasant character he felt that his death involved a personal bereavement. Hox. Mahlon Hutchinson was born in the city of Philadelphia, on the 10th day of May, 1823. His father was Randel Hutchinson, Jr., and his mother Miss Mary Keeler, both natives of Pennsylvania. On the paternal side he is of Welsh origin, and on the maternal of German descent. ^.(M^B-^ ^^r-?^ THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 71 Mablon Hutchinson received a thorough academic education at the select classical school of Rev. Dr. Hamill, at Lawrenceville, N. J., and having been fitted for college at that institution entered the sopho- more class of the College of New Jersey, at Prince- ton, in 1840. In 1841, having determined to adopt the law as a profession, he entered the office of Hon. Henry W. Green, since chancellor of the State, as a student, and remained with him until he had com- pleted the prescribed course of reading. He was licensed as an attorney-at-law and solicitor in chan- cery in 1845, and as a counselor-at-law in 1854. After his admission to the bar Mr. Hutchinson located in the practice of his professioji at Bordentown, where he is still actively engaged in the performance of the duties of an extensive and valuable practice. As a lawyer he is painstaking and careful in the investiga- tion and treatment of his causes, faithful t6 the inter- ests of his clients, and noted for his exactitude and attention to details. Order, method, and system seem to be the prevailing characteristics of his mind, and in handling a large number of estates in the capacity of executor, administrator, or guardian he has mani- fested singular care and exactness, and proven him- self a safe and reliable financial manager. Mr. Hutchinson was formerly a member of the Old- Line Whig party, and has latterly acted with its lineal successor, the Republican party. While taking a deep interest in national, State, and local politics, he has never been an aspirant after political position, and has accepted but few of the emoluments of public office. In 1853 he was elected on the Whig ticket a member of the Lower House of the State Legislature, representing the First District of Burlington County, that being the first year the district system was adopted iu that county. He performed the part of a faithful and earnest coadjutor in the important work of leg- islation for two years, serving efficiently on such com- mittees as the Judiciary, the Educational, and on the Insane Asylum, and in 1855 declined a renomiuation and retired to private life. In 1860 he was appointed by Governor Olden prosecutor of the pleas for Bur- lington County, and filled that office in a capable manner for five years. Mr. Hutchinson has always taken a deep interest in local affairs, and been a cheerful and liberal con- tributor to the various worthy objects of his day. He has served as a member of the public school board for a number of years, and as president of the board of trustees of the Bordentown Female College for a long time. He has been a member of the board of directors of the Bordentown Banking Company for nearly a quarter of a century, and is also a director of the First National Bank of Trenton, and of the West Jersey and Atlantic Railway Company. He has been interested in railroad construction in New Jersey for the past twenty-five years, and was one of the most active promoters of the Pemberton and Hights- towu line. In church affiliations he is of the Presby- terian persuasion, and elder in the First Presbyterian Church of Bordentown, and a modest and unostenta- tious supporter of various evangelical and Christian institutions. He was married on Feb. 23, 1818, to Miss Amy N., daughter of Caleb Shreeve, of Burling- ton County, and has one son, John P. Hutchinson, a member of the bar, residing at Georgetown, N. J., where he is also in agricultural pursuits. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY. William Trent, Nov. 23,1723. Cliaiies ReaJ, Feb. 20, 1764. Eichnrd Stockton (decliued), Aug. 3I,177G. James Kinsey, Nov. 20, 1789. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Danie! Coxe, Nov. 5,1700. Francis Hupkinson (declined), Daniel Coxe, Aug. 1, 1734. Sept. 4, 1770. Cliarles Read, JIarcIi 28, 1749. William Roesell, Nov. 1, 1804. Richard Stockton, Feb. 28, 1774. ATTORNEY-GENERALS. Alexander Griffith, 1714. Joseph Bloomfield, June 13, 1783. CLERKS OF THE SUPREME COURT. Bnwes Read, Sept. 0, 177G. Garret D. Wall, Nov. 5, 1812. Zachariah Rossel, Nov. 0, 1817, 1842. JUDGES OF THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS. Among the judges of this court from 1776 to the present time we find the names of the following : Joseph Borden, appointed Sept. 11, 177C; reaT>pointed Sept. 28, 1781. Peter Talloinn, appointed Oct. 31, 1778; reappointed Ang. 31, 1789. Isaac Cow gill, appointed Oct. 31,1787; reappointed Oct. 29, 1702, and Oct. 3, 1797. Tlionias Fennimore, appointed Nov. 27. 1769; reappointed 1801. Daniel Newbuld. appointed March 3, 1797. Newlierry dinting, appointed Nov. 12, 1801. Caleb Shreve, appointed Nov. 23, 1801. Thomas Adams, appointed Nov. 23, 1801; reappointed Nov. 25, 1803, Nov. 2, 1811, Oct 28, 181C, Oct. 25, 1821, etc. David Wright, appointed Nov. 3, 1803. Isaac Carli-sle, a; pointed Nov. 3, 1803; reappointed Nor. 25, 180C. Thomas Fennimore, Jr., appointed Nov. 3, 1803; reappointed Nov. 22, 1808, Nov. 3, 1813. Daniel Ivins, appointed Nov. 4, 1803 ; reappointed Nov. 22, 1808, Feb. 19, 1S13. William Wood, appoiated Nov. 22, 1808; reappointed Feb. 19, 1813, Oct. 13, 1S18. William Gaskill, appointed Feb. 19, 1813. Alexander Shreve, appointed Feb. 19, 1813. Anthony F. Taylor, appointed Nov. 3, 1803. J..hn Warren, appointed Nov. 3,1813; reappointed Oct. 28, 1825. Phineas S. Bunting, appointed Jan. 24,1833; reappointed Nov. 9, 1843. . Gershom Mott, appointed Oct. 31, 1833. Samuel S. Bunting, appointed Feb. 28, 1838. Isaac Hilliard, appointed Jan. 25, 1839. John W. Fennimore, appointed Oct, 27, 1843; reappointed Feb. 19, 1857, March 5, 1802. Samuel Black, nppointeer Term, 1807. Abraham Brown, September Term, ISll. George Wood, November Term, 1815. John C. Ten Eyx-k, May Teria, 1838. Garret S. Caiiuoii, September Terni, 1S30. John L. N. Stratton, November Term, 1844. Charles P. Stratton, November Term, 1854. Malilon Hutchiiisoii, February Term, 1854. Frederick Voorliees, June Term, T862. Henry Muffct, November Teim, 18G7. Charles E. Ueudrickson, November Term, 18G9. James N. Stratton, June Term, 1871. Cliarles Ewan Merrttt, November Term, 1874. Alfred Flanders, Febniary Term, 1875. Walter A. Barrows, February Term, 1877. Joseph H. Ga^kill, February Term, 1877. Martin L. Haines, November Term, 1877. Franklin B. Levis, February Term, 18S1. John C. Ten Eyck, Jiuie Term, 1881. ATTORNEYS. Abraham Brnwii, 5Iay Term, 1S02. Garret D. Wall, May Term, 1S04. Charles Kinsey, NoTember Term, 18W. George Wood, Noveukber Ternk, 1812. Bowes Reed Brown, November Term, 1827. William N. Wood, Novemlier Terra, 1828. Edward Wood, Novembej- Tei m, 182^. John K. Slack, September Term, 18:50. Jolin C. Ten Eyck, May Term, 18X5. Craig Moffett, May Ttrn, 1830. Garret S. Cannon, September Term, 183C. John L. N. Stratton, September Term, 1839. Philip r. Slack, May Term, 1811. James W. Wall, September Term, 1811. MabloD Hutchinson, Jr., May Term, 1845^ Edgar N. Back. January Teroi, 1847. Charles Ewan Merritt, October Term, 1850. Fninklin B. Levis, June Tern>, 185&. Alden C. Scovel, November Tenn, 1856. Philip S. Scovel, February Term, 1857. Frederick Voorijees, June Term, 1859. W. Biidd Deacon, June Term, 1859, Caleb D. Shreve, November Term, 1861. Walter S. Oliphant, June Term, 18C2. Anthony Woodward, June Term, 1862. Benjamin D. Sbreve, Noveiuber Term, 1862. Henry Moffet, November Term, 1804. Charles K Hendrickaon, November Term, ItCS. Edward D. Deacon, February Term, 1807. George T. Werts, November Term, 18C7. James Newbold Stratton, June Term, 18GS. Michael T. Newbold, June Term, 1868. John P. Hutchinson, June Term, 1872. J. Turner Blakeley, June Term, 1874. .John P. Lockwood, November Term, 1875. Mark K. Sooy, febrnary Term, 1877. Allen H. Gangewer, February Term, 1879. William P. McMichael, Jr., June Term, 187>. Jerome B.Grigg, June Tern\, 18S0. James P. Logan, June Term, 1880. Charles C. Black, June Term, 1881. Howard F'landers, June Term, 1881. Kisdon B. Hankiuson, June Term, 1881. Howard C. Levis, June Term, 1881. Benjamin F. U. Slireve, June Term, 1881. Jacob C. Hendrickson, November Term, 1881. Robert S. Oaskill, February Term, 1882. Samuel W. Beldcn, June Term, 1882. CHAPTER XII. MEDICAL PROFESSIOX. The Quakers, who were the early, settlers of West Jersey, brought in their company physicians of edu- cation, who came with their associates to settle the new lands and improve their fortunes. To the latter purpose they gave themselves assiduously. At this period there were many doctors who took part in public affairs and in land speculations. As with the clergy, who supplemented their revenues by practicing medicine, so the doctors gave attention, as opportu- nities offered, to merchandise, farming, and other remunerative pursuits. In the most sparsely settled regions the sick were largely cared for by women. Kalm, in his travels, published in 1748, says, " An old Swede remembered that his mother cured many people of dropsy by a decoction of the root of sas.safras in water, but she used at the same time to cup the patient on the feet." Even as late as 1796, Winterbottom, in his " History of America," says, "It is remarkable that in Cape May County no regular physician has ever found support. Medicine has been administered by women, except in extraordinary cases." Smith, in his " History of New Jersey," p. 326, says, " Few physicians among us are eminent for their skill. Quacks abound like the locusts in Egypt, and too many have recommended themselves to a full practice and profitable subsist- ence. This is the less to be wondered at, as the pro- fession is under no kind of regulation. Any man at his pleasure sets up for physician, apothecary, or chirurgeon." The early occupants of the provinces,^ when corre- sponding with their friends in " Old England," uni- formly expressed their delight with the climate of the country and its salubrity. Notwithstanding their confidence in the healthfulness of their new home, they were not unmindful that sickness and plague might visit them in judgment. Towards the close of the year 1680 the people were greatly alarmed by the appearance of a " Dreadfull Comett Starr, which was visible in broad daylight, with a very fiery Tail or Streamer." It was accepted universally as an omen of " Dreadftill Punishments." Kalm, in his travels, published in 1748, says of Rac- coon (a settlement of Swedes in Gloucester County), that the disease called by the English, fever and ague, was more common than any other. It prevailed the last of August and continued till spring. It raged over a great part of the country during some years, and in others "scarcely a single person was taken ill." Its cause was deemed by the physicians to be obscure. By some it was charged to " the peculiar 1 This and the following article are extracted mostly from "History of Medicine in New Jersey, and of its Medical Men, from the Settlement of the Province to a. D. 1800." By Stephen Wickes, A.M., M.D., New- ark, N. J. Martin R. Deuuis & Co., 1879. MEDICAL PEOFESSION. qualities of the air." Others, and the most of them, asserted that it was generated by putrid and standing water, as they observed that those residing "near morasses and swamps, or where stagnant and stink- ing water is met with," were affected every year. It was most prevalent when the heat of the sun caused *, evaporation and filled "the air with noxious vapors." j Diet was also charged with causing the disease, in the use of fruits, melons, etc.; teas, rum, and other ardent spirits, an J "largely the loss of odoriferous plants, with which the woods were filled at the arrival of the Europeans, but which the cattle have extir- pated. These occasioned a pleasant scent to rise in the woods every morning and evening. It is not un- reasonable to think that this corrected the noxious effluvia from putrefying substances." "Brimstone and vinegar every night upon going to bed and in the morning before getting up, and three or four times in the interval, drinking some warm liquid to wash it down," was a remedy much in use. The foregoing observations are recorded by Peter Kalm, a professor in the University of Arbo, in Swedish Finland, who was sent by his government to this and other countries to make scientific and general observations in 1747-49. He further records that pleurisy in Raccoon " is a disease which the people are subject to." In 1728 it swept away many at Penn's Neck. Almost all the Swedes there died of it, though they were not numerous. "It rested, as it were," till 1748, and then " made dreadful havoc, and every week six or ten of the old people died." It was so violent that those attacked seldom lived more than two or three days; very few recovered. The physicians did not know " what to make of it," nor how to treat it. As to its cause, an old English surgeon, who lived then in Raccoon, gave the follow- ing reason : "The inhabitants drink great quantities of punch and other strong liquors in summer when it is very hot ; by that means the veins in the diaphragm contract and the blood grows thick. . . . When the people during the changeable weather are in the open air they commonly get the disease." One of the earliest pestilential diseases in America of which we have any record was the smallpox, which wasted the Indians just before the landing of the Pil- grims at Plymouth. Some years after, in 1633, it was again fatal among the Indians. Upon the permanent settlement of West Jersey, in 1677, endeavors were made to excite the hostility of the natives against the English by insinuations that the latter sold them the smallpox in their match-coats. The distemper was among them, and in a company who came together to consult about it and its origin one of their chiefs said, - "In my grandfather's time the smallpox came, and now in my time the smallpox has come." Then stretching forth his hands towards the skies, said, " It came from thence." To this the rest assented ' 1 Smith's IliEtory of New Jersey. The Europeans were, nevertheless, the instrumental cause of the spread of smallpox and the venereal dis- eases among the native inhabitants of America.^ The winter of 1641 was very severe, and was fol- lowed by a very sickjy summer. The mortality on the Delaware River among the settlers in West Jer- sey, who had recently emigrated from the New Haven colony, was so great that it broke up the settlement.' A catarrh appeared in 1647 over the whole country, and in 1767 diseases among horses in New England and New Jersey.* In 1735, in the month of May, during a wet, cold season, began ' in New Hampshire a disease among children called the "throat distemper," of a most malignant kind, and by far the most fatal at that period known in this country. It became epidemic. Of the first forty cases none recovered. The disease was infectious, but its spread was independent of that element. It extended its ravages through Connec- ticut, and reached New York and New Jersey. In Zenger's Weekly, New York, Feb. 9, 1735-36, is the following notice: ^^ Throat Distemper. - We are in- formed that at Crosswicks [all the country for many miles around at that time was called by that name], in West Jersey, divers persons have died lately with a distemper in the throat, and that that Distemper prevails there. We are therefore desired to publish the following remedy," etc. In 1798 the yellow fever, which had appeared in Philadelpliia and New York in 1699, 1741, and 1762, again visited those cities and other places in mortal form and in extensive ravages, which continued dur- ing a succession of years. It prevailed to some ex- tent on the shores of the Delaware in New Jersey, where it seemed to find its origin.* Dr. Lummis, of Woodbury, N. J., in a letter to a physician of Phila- delphia, Dec. 4, 1798, thus writes : "... I visited several persons affected with tlie bilious yellow fever who had no possible opportunity of deriving their disease fioni any foreign source. ... I have no hesitatiun in believing their disease to liave been the offspring of local causes. The majority of those cases have occurred in families living on farms situated on the Jersey shore of the Delaware. ********* " The peculiar di'^position of these exhalations to produce disease and death was around early in the season, by the mortality which prevailed among the fowls and cats in this neighborhood. I am not alone in hav- ing seen cases of yellow fever which cannot be traced to contagion, simi- lar facts having been witnessed this season by other physicians in various parts of New Jersey." ' Medical writers in New Jersey began their literary efforts in the modest form of communications to the journals of their day and by pamphlets containing their observations upon particular forms of diseases. The Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, a practitioner of the 3 Webster. Ubid. * Bush's Inquiries. * Webster on Pestilence. * Rush. ' Account of the Malignant Fever lately prevalent in the City of New York, by James Hardie, A.M. New York, 1709. 71 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. healing art in Elizabethtown, N. J.,' was the first to notice in printed form the character of the "Throat Distemper." This notice is found in Zoiger's Weekly Journal, New York, Feb. 16, 1735-36. He wrote his observations on the same disease in a letter to a " Friend in Boston" in 1738-39. It was published in pamplilet in 1740. Dr. Wickes in his valuable book says, " No reader of the paper will doubt that the dis- ease which he describes was the diphtheria of our own day." Dr. Thomas Cadwalader, who resided near Trenton in 1740, wrote an essay on the "Iliac Passion," and in 1745 on the West India " Dry Gripes." Princeton College, founded in 1746, graduated num- bers of American youth who became distinguished as statesmen and learned in law, theology, and a limited few in medicine. A positive advance in medicine in New Jersey may be dated from the French and In- dian war, 1758-66. The colonial physicians, who were commissioned as surgeons and surgeon's mates, being brought into association with the British officers, were led to know their inferiority, and were stimulated to improve tlieir opportunities of practice and of inter- course with their more cultivated compeers. The stimulus to medical progress incident to the conquest of Canada was speedily followed in New Jersey by a measure still more potent in its influence, the organization in 1766 of a medical society for the province. This was the first society of the kind in the colonies (though not the first association of Ameri- can physicians for mutual improvement), and the basis upon which it was founded is honorable to the scientific aims and high-toned ethical sentiments of its founders. District Medical Society.- Joseph Parrish,M.D., of Philadelphia, in his " Historical Address," deliv- ered at the "Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the District Medical Society for the County of Burling- ton, June 17, 1879," which, with the " Address of Welcome," delivered by Dr. R. H. Page, of Colum- bus, was subsequently published in pamphlet with a handsome engraving of the venerable Charles Ellis, M.D., states, - "Tlio law regulating the practice of ' physic and surgery' in New 3o\sty nt the conimeucement of this century required that a license should be olit:iiiied from the State Meilicul Society, whether the Rpjili- cants had diplomas from medical schools or not, and imposed a penalty of twenty-five dollais for every prescription given hy a non-licentiate; Hnd unless such license was properly recorded, either in the office of the county cleik or of the chief justice of the State, no fees could bo le- gally demanded for professional services. "The year previous to the organization of the society (1828) an in- cident occurred which demonstrated the eRiciency of this law, and led to the union of the few physicians then in the county for their own protection. The scene was laid in the little town of Columhus, at that time known as Black Horse. The parties immediately concerned were Dr. Asahel Page and Prince Murat, a relative ' (nephew) "of Joseph Bonaparte, then residing as ex-king of Spain at his beautiful seat in 1 A leading member of the Synod of New York, he "gave being and shape to the deliberations that resulted in the creation of the College of Kew Jersey" (Princeton). He was chosen its first president; died Oct. 7, 1747. Bordentown. The prince and the doctor were both fond of horses, and each kept several trained for the course. They were to have a race through the street of Columbus, which had been well advertised. Tlie prize was to be one of the racers The prince and the doctor appeared in due time, and the race was accomplijhed in the presence of a goodly crowd. The prince came off the winner, and demanded his prize. The doctor said there had been fo\il jilay and refused to suriendcr his steed. The prince was angry, and declared in a menacing manner that he would not pay the doctor's bill for prof<-ssional services. Suit was brought by the doctor to lecovcr the amount of his bill. The Hon. Gar- rett D. Wall, late of tliis city, was one of the counselors. The rase was tried, and the doctor non-suited, the evidf-nce in the trial showing th.-it, though he had passed an examination and had received a license, he had neglected to comply with the provision of the law which required the filing of his certificate in the office of the Chief Justice of the State. Hence the loss of his case. *' The story of this race and trial created considerable excitement, and the discovery was made that there were but few anlhorized medical licentiates in the county. I>rs Nathan W. Cole, of this city, and John L. Stratton, of Blount Holly, were two of the number. There were, how- ever, three younger men, fresh from the halls of the University of Penn- sylvania, with their diplomas, who took advantage of the occasion and proceeded immediately to Freehold for the puriKise of an examination before the censors which, having passed, certificates were furnished and legally registered; so there was added to the list e. The purchaser may have a lease of the lot on which the stable stands, ])ay, viz. : Thirty Shillings per annum. Half the purchase money to be paid immediately, six months credit will be given for the remainder. Any person inclining to purchase before the day of sale, may know the terms by applying to Dr. Ralph Assheton on the premises " N. B. - .\s the Doctor proposes returning to Pliiladelphla in a few \veek8, he de:^ires those indebted to make immediate payment.*, and those who have any demands to bring in their accounts for settlement." 1766. John Ross, son of Alexander, was born at Mount Holly, March 2, 1752, and was probably pre- pared for the practice of medicine by his father. The war of the Revolution commencing. Dr. Ross at once entered the service as captain in the Third New Jer- sey Regiment, his commission bearing date Feb. 9, 1776. In 1779 he was commissioned major of the Second Regiment, and was afterwards promoted to brigade major and inspector of the Jersey Brigade. He was wounded, but continued in the .service till the close of the war. He was also appointed lieutenant- colonel of militia. Second Regiment, Dec. 18, 1782. During the administration of Washington, in 1792, he received the appointment of inspector of the revenue for Burlington County, N. J. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati from its organization. 1771. Jonathan Smith came to America with four brothers and one sister from Yorkshire, England. Settled in Burlington, and engaged in the practice of medicine. The date of his settlement is not known, but that he died in 1772 is evident from the following notice in the Pennsylvania Packet a7id General Adver- tiser in March of that year: " Last Wednesday, departed this life, after a tedious illness, at Burlington, Dr. Jonathan Smith, a gentle- man descended from one of the most respectable families in this province, and much esteemed for his singular benevolence and humanity." 1771. Jonathan Odell, son of Jonathan and Temperance Odell, of Connecticut Farms, was born in Newark, N. J., Sept. 25, 1737 ; graduated at Princeton College, 1754; educated for a physician, and after- wards served as surgeon in the British army. While MEDICAL PROFESSION. 77 stationed in the West Indies he left the army and studied for the ministry in England, and was ordained as a priest in 1767. Stationed as rector of St. Mary's Church, in Burlington, 1771, and May 6, 1772, married Ann De Cou, of Burlington. He resided there nine years, and his salary as a minister being insufficient for his support, he added to the duties of the pastorate those of a practicing physician. He was elected a member of the State Medical Society in 1774, and also a member of the American Philosophical Society. Being a Tory, he escaped from Burlington when the colonial troops occupied it, and sought refuge in New York, then held by the British. While in Burlington, in 1776, he was ordered to confine himself on parole to the east side of the Delaware, within a circuit of eight miles of the court-house of Burlington. At the close of the war he settled in the province of New Brunswick, where he occupied influential civil posi- tions, and afterwards moved to New York. He died at Frederickton, New Brunswick, Nov. 25, 1818, aged eighty-one years. He wrote political poetry with ease, and some of his effusions were published. 1772. Daniel Bddd, son of David, w.is educated at Princeton, but did not take the honors of the col- lege. He studied medicine in Philadelphia, and it is believed graduated at the University of Edinburgh. Returning to this country, practiced medicine in Pemberton and Mount Holly, and became a member of the State Society in 1772. He afterwards removed to the State of New York. During the Revolution he joined the Continental army as surgeon. He was at the crossing of the Delaware and at Valley Forge. Was for some time a prisoner in the camp of the British and Indians. The doctor was exceedingly popular as a physician, and the life of convivial society. He died of disease of the liver at Schoharie, in New York, and the monumentjil inscription in the Lutheran churchyard of that town is as follows: "In Memory of DocT. Daniel Bcdd, who died March 15th Anno Domini 1815, aged 04 years. " His langnishing head is at rest Its aching and tliiuking is o'er His still immovable breast Is heiived with affliction no more. " Know though, oh stranger to the fame Of this mucli-Ioved, much-honored name For none who knew him, need be tuld A warmer heart death ne'er made cold. " In memory of Rkbecca Lawyer, wife of Doct. Daniel Bndd, who departed tliis life January 9tli, 1824, aged 71 years." 1777. Daniel Bancroft was born in Westfield, Mass., Nov. 2, 1746 ; appeared before the Council of Safety in New Jersey, April 22, 1777, took the re- quired oath, and was dismissed. He had been con- fined as a suspected spy. He remained for a time in Burlington. In 1782 he settled in Wilmington, Del., where he was engaged with his brother in commercial pursuits. He died of apoplexy while at a dinner party at the residence of John Vaughn, Esq., of Phil- adelphia, in 1796. 1783. John Baptiste Carone Brognard was born about 1761 in France. At the age of eighteen he entered the French military service as a volunteer, and was appointed a sergeant in a corps of grenadiers. During the Revolutionary war he came to America with his corps. Previous' to entering the service in his native land he had studied medicine, and was near the time of his graduation, and medical men be- ing in demand he was detailed to surgeon's duty in the medical staff of the Duke de Laugan, in which ser- vice he continued until the end of the war. Determining to settle in America, he procured a "Military Discharge" by the payment of three hun- dred pounds, and immediately devoted himself to the pursuit of his profession in civil life. He first settled in Burlington, where he married Sarah Smith, but soon after removed to Columbus, in the same county, where he became distinguished as a physician and surgeon, acquiring a large and profitable practice, and possessing a very large share of the confidence of the people. He died April 17,1823, aged about sixty-two years, and his remains were buried in the Friends' burial- place at Mansfield. 1784. Daniel De Benneville descended from George de Benneville, a French nobleman of Nor- mandy, France. His father, George, was left an or- phan in early life, and was committed to the care of Queen Annie, who had charge of the first eleven years of his boyhood. In 1745 he came to America, residing at Olney, Bucks Co., Pa., where was a colony of Huguenots. Dr. Daniel, his son, was born at Olney, Nov. 12, 1753. After receiving an education under the care of his father, he began the study of medicine, but the date of his entering upon its practice is not known. He joined the army as a junior surgeon of the flying hospital, and on July 3, 1781, as surgeon of the Thirteenth Regiment of Infantry, Continental army. He was remarkable for his skill as a surgeon, and distinguished for his warm-hearted sympathy for the sick and wounded. In personal appearance he resembled Andrew Jackson, M'hose friend he was. After the war he married Elizabeth Coats, and settled in Moorestown, Burlington County. His marriage union was unhappy, and he failed to secure the respect of the community. At the age of seventy-five, he died at his brother's house, and was buried in the family graveyard. 1786. Samuel Treat was born Jan. 13, 1739, and married Agnes Hollingshead, Oct. 13, 1774. He " served as an apprentice to Dr. John Redman, of Philadelphia, for nearly four years, during which time he was constantly employed in the practice of physic and surgery," for which lie received a cer- tificate, the original of which is still preserved by his descendants, bearing date Sept. 12, 1765. Prac- ticed in Burlington from 1786 to 1795; built the house now occupied by the family of the late Wil- liam R. Allen ; removed to Oxford, N, Y,, to spend 78 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. the remnant of his days with a married daughter, and died April 9, 1814. Medical certificate to Mr. Samuel Treat, 1765 : " Philadelphia. "This is to certify to nil viiiom it mny concern that Mr. Sinil. Treat hatli eerveil a< im .'ii>pi entire V< me fuj nearly four years, diiriug wliicli time he was coustunlly employed in the practice of Physic and Surgery, under my care, not only in my private business, hut in the Pennsylvania }luspit,Tl, in which character he always behaved with groat Fidelity and Industry. In testimony of which I have hereuntt) set my band this first day of September, One thousand Seven hundred and Sixty-five. "John Repman." " We, whose names are underwritten, do certify that Mr. Samuel Treat hath diligently attended the practice of Physic and Surgery in the Pennsylvania Uospitul for several years. "Thomas Cadwaladee. "Pjiineas Bond. "Tho Bond. " Wm. Siiippen. " C. Evans." "This is toCeitify that Samuel Treat hath attended a course of Ana- tODiical Lectnrts with the greatest diligence and assiduity. " Wm. Shippen, Jr." 1786. John H. Stokes was born at Moorestown, Burlington County, in 1764; preliminary education good; commenced medical studies witli Dr. Thomas Park, of Philadelphia, and attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania; licensed to practice in New Jersey in 1786; settled in his native town, and con- tinued his professional pursuits in the same place during the remainder of his life. He was a thorough physician for the time in which he lived, a courteous, Christian gentleman, and for thirty years held the con- fidence and affection of the community. He died at the age of fifty-two, October, 1817. He early adopted Jenner's discovery of vaccination, and to prove to the incredulous his faith in its prophylactic power, after obtaining vaccine pustule on the person of his own infant daughter, he exposed her to the smallpox by placing her in bed with a patient infected with the disease. 1786. Edward Taylor, born in Upper Freehold, Monmouth County, May 27, 1762, graduated at Prince- ton in 1783 ; studied medicine with Dr. James Newell, ofMonmouth, and finished his studies at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1786. He commenced the practice at Pemberton ; joined the State Medical Society in 1787. He was a man of culture and refine- ment, quick perception and sound judgment. He did not remain long at Pemberton, preferring his native home, where he remained a useful and honor- able Cliristian gentleman till the close of his life, on the 2d of May, 1835. -^ A. W. Taylor, M.D., the son of Rev. Rufus Taylor and Esther W. Taylor, was born in Slirewsbury, Mon- mouth Co., N. J., on March 31, 1845, this place being on the stage-route from New York to Long Branch via steamers from New York to Red Bank, this being at that time the only public way of reach- ing Long Branch, which is now the objective-point of several railway and steamboat lines. About 1852 he moved to Manchester, Mass., a little village on Cape Ann, then small and unimportant, the inhabitants being engaged in cod-fishing on the banks of Newfoundland in the summer, and in the winter going to school or making shoes and furniture. This place is now quite a summer resort, and is down in the guide-books as Manchester-by-the-Sea. (Ay^(/\^ In 1858 he moved to Hightstown, N. J., and was there prepared for Princeton College by the late Charles A. Walters, entering that institution in the second session of the freshman year, in the spring of 1863, graduating in the summer of, and in the class of, 1866. His college course was not marked by any special incidents more than usually happen to col- legiates. After graduating at Princeton, he taught a public school in Harmony District, Monmouth County, and afterwards a select school in Oxford, Chester Co., Pa., and many of his former pupils now fill positions of honor and trust in public life. The Oxford school was given up to return to Princeton and enter as a medical student the office of James H. Wickofl", M.D., the leading physician of the place, by whom he was prepared for further medical study in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, then located where the new post-office building now stands, at Ninth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. He.was selected by a majority of his classmates as president of the class, and in this capacity had much to do with class politics (the only time he ever entered the political arena, and then without his knowledge or consent). As president he had the perfect confi- dence of his class, and smoothed the various diflTer- MEDICAL PROFESSION. 79 ences between class parties, and was selected as pre- sentation orator to deliver on commencement-day at the Academy of Music to the trustees of the univer- sity a portrait in oil by Waugh of Prof. H. H.Smith, and which now hangs in the University Museum, bj' the side of those of the many eminent men who had filled the professor's chair. After graduating, in a few weeks' time he located in Beverly, Burlington Co., N. J., in the spring of 1871, and soon acquired a good practice, and there he remains. By the death and removal of others he is now the oldest resident M.D. in the place, and may honestly claim that title so honored by the public, " The old doctor." His practice is good and paying, and having gained forty pounds in flesh since coming to Beverly, he feels that he can recommend the town for its hcalthfulness. He has been president of the Burlington County Medical Society, is now its secretary, and also the secretary of the Beverly board of trade, the medical member of the board of health, senior warden of the Masonic lodge, and has also a well-established and widely-known drug-store, and is medical examiner for several life insurance companies. lu 1873 he married Emma L., daughter of Theodore C. Herbert, United States navy. They have been blessed with four children (ail boys), two of whom live, and two have passed over to the better land. 1787. David Greexmax was licensed to practice medicine in New Jersey in 1787, and was admitted to membershi]) in the State Society the same year. All that is known of him is that he died of yellow fever in Burlington ; and as the first epidemic of the fever occurred in 1793, the presumption is that the doctor was young when he died and left no family or pro- fessional record. 1787. Lewis Morgan was born about the year 1757, but where is not known. He was admitted to practice in 1787, and that year joined the State Med- ical Society. He first settled in Somerset County and then in Burlington, where it is supposed he remained until about the year 1803, when he moved to Rah- Avay and remained until his death, on Jan. 12. 1821, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. The following anecdote is told of him : " For a short time there was a Dr. Rodgers in the town, who was a competitor in practice, whom Dr. Morgan very much disliked. During a freshet in the Delaware, Dr. Rodgers attempted to cross the bridge at the creek, which was overflowed with water. Not being aware that the centre of the bridge was gone, horse, sulky, rider and all went in together. Tlie horse was used to swimming, and the doctor held his place in the sulky, heading his horse down stream. The whole town gathered on the bank to see the doc- tor drown. Among the spectators was Dr. Morgan, who, seeing the situation, ordered his horse and sulky nd followed the river road to see the result. About a mile below, Dr. Rodgers brought his horse to the bank, and came out sitting in his sulky all right. His horse was very much exhausted and he was very wet. Dr. Morgan, pitying his condition, invited him to sit on the foot-rest of his sulky, that he might take him home quickly, as his horse was fresh. Rodgers re- plied, 'No, sir; I had a hard ride, but I'll go back the way I came before I'll sit at your feet.' " 1787. John A. De Normandie was born at Bris- tol, Pa., July, 1713. By a long line of ancestor:^ he belonged to the " high nobility of France." He re- moved to Burlington about 1787. He wrote a history of his travels and a history of the origin and progress of the political dissensions of Geneva, from whence his ancestors had emigrated to America. He was a man of learning and science, was a member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia in 1768. He wrote two papers, which were published in the transactions of the society, entitled "An Analysis of the Chalybeate Water of Bristol, Pa." Before the Burlington Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, of which he was president, he read a paper entitled " Hints for Ascertaifiing the Properties of Plaster of Paris." He read an address before the American Museum of 1792 (title not known), and was a prominent member of the New Jersey Medical Society, to which he was elected in 1790. The family of Bords, of Burlington, with which he was intimately related, having removed to Hyde Park, N. Y., Dr. De Normandie retired from active life, and died in the hospitable home of the Bords at the age of ninety, after ten years of imbecility. 1787. Benjamin Say Budd, son of Stacy Budd, of Mount Holly, was born Jan. 26, 1769. Studied medicine with his uncle, Dr. Benjamin Say. of Phila- delphia. Entered into partnership witli his father at Mount Holly, and enjoyed a large and excellent practice, and was very popular. His manners were gentle and attractive, and his personal appearance striking. His hair was worn long behind and held up by a comb. He was genial and fond of a joke. Died Nov. 9, 1833. 1787. William McIlvaine was born in Phila- delphia, July 18, 1750. At sixteen years of age he was sent to Scotland to perfect his education, and re- ceived his medical degree at the University of Edin- burgh. Returning to America, settled in Bristol, Pa., about 1773. After some years he removed to Phila- delphia, where he practiced medicine until 1793, and on the appearance of the yellow fever in that year he sent his family to Burlington for refuge, while he, true to his calling, remained at his post of duty. He contracted the fever in Philadelphia, was nursed by a faithful black servant, and recovered without his family knowing of his illness. He then joined them in Burlington, and became a practitioner there for the remainder of his life. In 1794 he was elected a trustee of Burlington 80 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Academy. During tlie war of the Revolution he was surgeon in Col. Read's regiment. His portrait was taken at Burlington in 1798, and is said to be an ad- mirable likeness, and is preserved with others in the library of the New England Historico-Genealogical Society in Boston. He died at Burlington, Sept. 16, 1806. 1795. Edward vShippek was born Dec. 11, 1758, in Philadelphia. Studied medicine with Dr. Bond, and afterwards completed his studies in London and Paris. In 1795 he removed to Burlington and entered into partnership with Dr. Mcllvaine, his brother-in- law. He was a large man, with a hearty manner, fond of horses and agriculture, and had an excellent practice. A picture of him, taken in London as a student, represented him as a handsome youth with powdered hair, lilac-colored coat, and gold-laced waistcoat. He died suddenly Oct. 22, 1809. 1796. John Blackwood was born July 28, 1772, at Blackwoodtown, Gloucester Co., N. J. Commenced practice in Haddonfield, his father giving a horse and sulky and bidding him seek his fortune. He was successful, and left quite a fortune for the time in which he lived. He removed to Mount Holly in 1796, and lived there the remainder of his life. In addition to his professional duties, he served as post- master of Mount Holly, and was also judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Orphans' Court at Mount Holly. He was buried iu the Friends' burying-ground adjoining his residence. 1797. Ephraim Staxdish Sawyer was born in Massachusetts in 1774. Educated at Harvard ; mar- ried in 1797. Settled first at Absecom, Atlantic Co., but soon removed to Tuckerton, Burlington Co., where he spent the remainder of his life. Practiced about thirty years, and died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, Oct. 11, 1829. Buried at Tuckerton. His widow lived until 1857, and departed this life in her eightieth year. 1806. Samuel Tucker, son of the Hon. Ebenezer Tucker, M.C., of Tuckerton, was born at Tuckerton, Burlington County. There are no records of his birth, studies, or death. He was reputed to have been an imposing, handsome man of popular man- ners, who did a good practice in Burlington, and was cotemporary with Dr. Cole. The name of Samuel Tucker, of New Jersey, is found in the catalogue of the alumni of the Medical Department of the Uni- v'ersity of Pennsylvania as having graduated in 1806, and for this reason I have placed that date with the name. The title of his thesis is "Medical Effect of Bodily Labor in Chronic Diseases." 1814. Francis Brognard, son of Dr. John Brog- nard, of Columbus, was an intelligent physician, and author of some published medical essays. He did not attend to much practice, and became insane early in life. He died young. 1829. Nathan W. Cole's name stands first on the roll of members of the County Medical Society, and was one of the original charter members. He came to Burlington as a young man, and was employed as a teacher in the academy, which stood on the site now occupied by St. Mary's Church. He studied medicine, probably without a private preceptor, and attended lectures at the L^niversity of Pennsylvania, but did not graduate there. At that period it was re- quired of every one desiring to practice medicine in New Jersey to obtain a license from the State Medi- cal Society, for which a fee was required, and hence many did not obtain a degree from the university on account of the additional expense. Dr. Cole,Jiaving been for some years recognized as a respectable prac- titioner of Burlington, was granted a complimentary degree by the faculty of the university in tlie year 1829. He remained in Burlington, and did a large practice during the remainder of his life. It is probable that he commenced practice somewhere about 1803. At the May meeting of the society in 1832 he delivered the first address that was formally presented at any of its meetings, the subject being " The Importance of Medical Science." He was ap- pointed delegate to attend the American ]\Iedical As- sociation in 1846, having also served for several years as censor for this district. 1800. John Leake Stratton, the second of the charter members, was an exemplary and useful mem- ber of the society, and a prominent and influential practitioner of the county. He was born in Deer- field, Cumberland Co., N. J., Feb. 23, 1777. His father was a farmer of moderate means, and could do no more for his four sons than give them such an education as the country at that time afforded. John L. managed to obtain a fair English education, and also some knowledge of Latin. He commenced study- ing medicine on the 12th of May, 1797, under the preceptorship of his cousin. Dr. James Stratton, of Swedesboro', Gloucester Co., N. J. He attended the required courses of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and on the 17th of March, 1800, was licensed to practice in the State, and on the 17th of the following month settled in Mount Holly, where Dr. Stacy Budd and his son, Benjamin Say Budd, were both engaged in practice. On May 5, 1803, he married Ann, daughter of Dr. James Stratton, and had two children, Benjamin Harris and James, the latter of whom died at an early age. His wife died in 1810. In 1816 he married Ann, daughter of Dan- iel Newbold, the issue of which marriage was James N. L., now the senior member of the Burlington County bar, and an able lawyer. Having become discouraged in Mount Holly, he moved to Burlington on the 27th of November, 1806, and formed a partnership with Dr. A. W. Cole, but returned to Mount Holly again on the 27th of Au- gust, 1807, where he continued to practice until his death, Aug. 18, 1845. By a note in his journal it appears that he drove to New Brunswick in June, 1808, to attend a meeting of the State Medical So- ^*,<^-*^ -^'^"^SSS:^^- MEDICAL PROFESSION. SI ciety, at which there were present twenty-five mem- bers. He was elected treasurer of the County Society at its first meeting in 1829, and was re-elected each year until failing health induced him to withdraw from active service. The last meeting of which there is a record of his re-election was in May, 1840. He was one of the censors appointed by the State Society for this district in 1830. 1827. Benjamix Harris Stratton, son of John L. by his second marriage, was born in Mount Holly, N. J., Feb. 6, 1804. He was prepared for college, and entered at Princeton as a student, graduating from there (the College of New Jersey) in 1823. He studied medicine witli his father, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1827. The subject of his thesis was one of which he frequently spoke at the meetings of the society, viz. : " Puerperal Convul- sions," and in the management of which he was re- puted to be very successful. He practiced in part- nership with his father during the life of the latter. He was one of a committee to draft the first constitu- tion of the County Society in 1829, being one of the charter members, and was also one of the board of censors for this district, with his father. The minutes do not inform us when the elder Dr. Stratton retired from the treasurership, or when the son was first elected treasurer, as there seems to have been an intermission of several years, during which no records were preserved. At the annual meeting in 1848, Dr. B. H. Stratton was elected treasurer, though it is probable that he was elected at an earlier date. He served as treasurer until July 14, 1874, when the following preamble and resolution were unanimously passed: " miereat, Our venerable and respected member, Dr. B. H. Stratton, who participated in tlip formation of tliis society in 1829, and who has served as ite treasurer thirtj'-oue years, feels sorely the anunyauce of his oflficiiil duties; therefore " ResoUed, Tliat he be hereby elected an honorary member of this society, and that the office of treasurer be thereby declared vaCaut." Up to this date the two Strattons were the only treasurers of the society. There does not appear to be any evidence of Dr. Stratton writing or publishing essays, but that he was a careful clinical observer, a safe and successful prac- titioner, and an enthusiastic devotee of his profession there can be no doubt. His professional brethren and the people among whom he labored unite in bear- ing this testimony. He Avas married in May, 1830, at Georgetown, D. C, to Emeline, daughter of Sam- uel and Lydia N. Whitall. He left two daughters, - Anna, wife of Charles A. Kingsbury, a dentist of Philadelphia, and Mary Virginia Mano. His widow still survives and resides at Mount Holly. 1828. Charles Ellis was born in Burlington on the 27th of September, 1801. His father was Charles Ellis, a prominent and successful merchant of Bur- lington, who was highly esteemed for his integrity and high business qualities. The son, Dr. Charles, was 6 educated at the Burlington Academy, and commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. A. W. Cole in 1825. He attended three courses of medical lectures at the University of P